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===Red Ocher complex=== |
===Red Ocher complex=== |
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[[Red Ocher people]] |
{{main article|Red Ocher people}} |
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The Red Ocher complex is not well-understood, but is characterized by application of [[hematite]] to corpses during funerary rituals. The complex roughly dates between 1200 and 400 BCE, spanning the Late Archaic period to the Early Woodland period. Red Ocher burials contain more exotic artifacts than preceding Old Copper burials, which could indicate a larger scale of trade and more complex social hierarchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Pleger|2000|pp=171-172}}</ref> Red Ocher sites are found throughout the broader Great Lakes and Midwest region, but are particularly associated with southeastern Wisconsin as well as northern [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], and the [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ritzenthaler|Quimby|1962|p=251}}</ref> According to J. Peter Denny, the Red Ocher peoples spoke [[Proto-Algonquian language|Proto-Algonquian]].<ref>{{harvnb|Denny|1991|pp=108, 110}}</ref> |
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===Woodland culture=== |
===Woodland culture=== |
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{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} |
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* {{cite report |last=Amick |first=Daniel S. |last2=Boszhardt |first2=Robert F. |last3=Hensel |first3=Kenneth |last4=Hill |first4=Matthew Glenn |last5=Loebel |first5=Thomas J. |last6=Wilder |first6=Dean |display-authors=3 |date=1999 |title=Pure Paleo in Western Wisconsin |url=https://www.academia.edu/1540078/Pure_Paleo_in_Western_Wisconsin |series=Reports of Investigations No. 350 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–La Crosse]] |ref={{sfnref|Amick et al.|1999}}}} |
* {{cite report |last=Amick |first=Daniel S. |last2=Boszhardt |first2=Robert F. |last3=Hensel |first3=Kenneth |last4=Hill |first4=Matthew Glenn |last5=Loebel |first5=Thomas J. |last6=Wilder |first6=Dean |display-authors=3 |date=1999 |title=Pure Paleo in Western Wisconsin |url=https://www.academia.edu/1540078/Pure_Paleo_in_Western_Wisconsin |series=Reports of Investigations No. 350 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–La Crosse]] |ref={{sfnref|Amick et al.|1999}}}} |
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* {{cite conference |last=Denny |first=J. Peter |date=1991 |title=The Algonquian migration from Plateau to Midwest: linguistics and archaeology |book-title= |url=https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/1049/932 |editor1=William Cowan |publisher=[[Carleton University]] |pages= |conference=Papers of the Twenty-Second Algonquian Conference |pages=103-124 |isbn= |oclc= |doi=}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Ehrhardt |first=Kathleen L. |date=2009 |title=Copper Working Technologies, Contexts of Use, and Social Complexity in the Eastern Woodlands of Native North America |journal=[[Journal of World Prehistory]] |volume=22 |issue= |pages=213–235 |doi=10.1007/s10963-009-9020-8 |jstor= }} |
* {{cite journal |last=Ehrhardt |first=Kathleen L. |date=2009 |title=Copper Working Technologies, Contexts of Use, and Social Complexity in the Eastern Woodlands of Native North America |journal=[[Journal of World Prehistory]] |volume=22 |issue= |pages=213–235 |doi=10.1007/s10963-009-9020-8 |jstor= }} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Hill |first=Mark A. |date=2012 |title=Tracing Social Interaction: Perspectives on Archaic Copper Exchange from the Upper Great Lakes |journal=[[American Antiquity]] |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=279-292 |doi=10.7183/0002-7316.77.2.279 |jstor= }} |
* {{cite journal |last=Hill |first=Mark A. |date=2012 |title=Tracing Social Interaction: Perspectives on Archaic Copper Exchange from the Upper Great Lakes |journal=[[American Antiquity]] |volume=77 |issue=2 |pages=279-292 |doi=10.7183/0002-7316.77.2.279 |jstor= }} |
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* {{cite book |last=Loew |first=Patty |title=Indian Nations of Wisconsin |year=2013 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Wisconsin Historical Society Press]] |location=Madison |isbn=9780870205033 |oclc= }} |
* {{cite book |last=Loew |first=Patty |title=Indian Nations of Wisconsin |year=2013 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Wisconsin Historical Society Press]] |location=Madison |isbn=9780870205033 |oclc= }} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Pleger |first=T. C. |date=2000 |title=Old Copper and Red Ocher social complexity |journal=Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=169-190 |doi= |jstor=20708133 }} |
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* {{Cite journal |last1=Pompeani |first1=David P. |last2=Steinman |first2=Byron A. |last3=Abbott |first3=Mark B. |last4=Pompeani |first4=Katherine M. |last5=Reardon |first5=William |last6=DePasqual |first6=Seth |last7=Mueller |first7=Robin H. |display-authors=3 |date=April 2021 |title=On the timing of the Old Copper complex in North America: A comparison of radiocarbon dates from different archaeological contexts |journal=[[Radiocarbon (journal)|Radiocarbon]] |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=513–531 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2021.7 |bibcode=2021Radcb..63..513P |ref={{sfnref|Pompeani et al.|2021}}}} |
* {{Cite journal |last1=Pompeani |first1=David P. |last2=Steinman |first2=Byron A. |last3=Abbott |first3=Mark B. |last4=Pompeani |first4=Katherine M. |last5=Reardon |first5=William |last6=DePasqual |first6=Seth |last7=Mueller |first7=Robin H. |display-authors=3 |date=April 2021 |title=On the timing of the Old Copper complex in North America: A comparison of radiocarbon dates from different archaeological contexts |journal=[[Radiocarbon (journal)|Radiocarbon]] |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=513–531 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2021.7 |bibcode=2021Radcb..63..513P |ref={{sfnref|Pompeani et al.|2021}}}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Ritzenthaler |first=Robert E. |last2=Quimby |first2=George I. |date=1962 |title=The Red Ocher culture of the Upper Great Lakes and adjacent areas |journal=[[Fieldiana Anthropology]] |volume=36 |issue=11 |pages=243-275 |doi= |jstor=29782303 }} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Sissel |date=2007 |title=Evidence for Paleoindians in Wisconsin and at the Skare Site |journal=Plains Anthropologist |volume=52 |issue=201 |pages=63-91 |doi=10.1179/pan.2007.004 |jstor=25670930 }} |
* {{cite journal |last=Schroeder |first=Sissel |date=2007 |title=Evidence for Paleoindians in Wisconsin and at the Skare Site |journal=Plains Anthropologist |volume=52 |issue=201 |pages=63-91 |doi=10.1179/pan.2007.004 |jstor=25670930 }} |
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{{refend}} |
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