Tulip

The gardening book ''Revnak'ı Bostan'' (Beauty of the Garden) by Sahibül Reis [[Hajji|ülhaç]] Ibrahim Ibn ülhaç Mehmet, written in 1660 does not mention the tulip at all, but contains advice on growing hyacinths and [[Lilium|lilies]].<ref name="jstor.org">{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=26}}</ref> However, there is considerable confusion of terminology, and tulips may have been subsumed under hyacinth, a mistake several European botanists were to perpetuate. In 1515, the scholar [[Qasim (Afghan scholar)|Qasim]] from [[Herat]] in contrast had identified both wild and garden tulips (lale) as [[anemone]]s (''shaqayq al-nu'man'') but described the [[Fritillaria imperialis|crown imperial]] as ''laleh kakli''.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

The gardening book ''Revnak'ı Bostan'' (Beauty of the Garden) by Sahibül Reis [[Hajji|ülhaç]] Ibrahim Ibn ülhaç Mehmet, written in 1660 does not mention the tulip at all, but contains advice on growing hyacinths and [[Lilium|lilies]].<ref name="jstor.org">{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=26}}</ref> However, there is considerable confusion of terminology, and tulips may have been subsumed under hyacinth, a mistake several European botanists were to perpetuate. In 1515, the scholar [[Qasim (Afghan scholar)|Qasim]] from [[Herat]] in contrast had identified both wild and garden tulips (lale) as [[anemone]]s (''shaqayq al-nu'man'') but described the [[Fritillaria imperialis|crown imperial]] as ''laleh kakli''.<ref name="jstor.org"/>

In a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] text written before 1495, the [[Chagatai people|Chagatay]] [[Husayn Bayqarah]] mentions tulips (''lale'').<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=25}}</ref> [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], also names tulips in the [[Baburnama]].<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=22}}</ref> He may actually have introduced them from [[Afghanistan]] to the plains of India, as he did with other plants like melons and grapes.<ref>Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in einem Band, {{ISBN|81-85395-07-1}}, 686</ref> The tulip represents the official symbol of Turkey.<ref name="black tulip">{{cite web |<!-- I cannot confirm: last=kenan |first=kahya | --> title=Black Tulip Meaning and Care |url=https://homewerkss.com/black-tulip-meaning-and-care/ |website=homewerkss|date=2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref> In Moorish [[Al-Andalus|Andalus]], a "Makedonian bulb" (''basal al-maqdunis'') or "bucket-[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]" (''naryis qadusi'') was cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens. It was supposed to have come from [[Alexandria]] and may have been [[Tulipa sylvestris]], but the identification is not wholly secure.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. Esteban |last1=Hernández Bermejo |first2=Expiración |last2=García Sánchez |s2cid=25071279 |year=2009 |title=Tulips: An Ornamental Crop in the Andalusian Middle Ages |journal=Economic Botany |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=60–66 |jstor=40390435 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9070-3|bibcode=2009EcBot..63...60H }}</ref>

In a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] text written before 1495, the [[Chagatai people|Chagatay]] [[Husayn Bayqarah]] mentions tulips (''lale'').<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=25}}</ref> [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], also names tulips in the [[Baburnama]].<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=22}}</ref> He may actually have introduced them from [[Afghanistan]] to the plains of India, as he did with other plants like melons and grapes.<ref>Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in einem Band, {{ISBN|81-85395-07-1}}, 686</ref> The tulip represents the official symbol of Turkey.<ref name="black tulip">{{cite web |<!-- I cannot confirm: last=kenan |first=kahya | --> title=Black Tulip Meaning and Care |url=https://homewerkss.com/black-tulip-meaning-and-care/ |website=homewerkss|date=2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref> In Moorish [[Al-Andalus|Andalus]], a "Makedonian bulb" (''basal al-maqdunis'') or "bucket-[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]" (''naryis qadusi'') was cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens. It was supposed to have come from [[Alexandria]] and may have been ''[[Tulipa sylvestris]]'', but the identification is not wholly secure.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. Esteban |last1=Hernández Bermejo |first2=Expiración |last2=García Sánchez |s2cid=25071279 |year=2009 |title=Tulips: An Ornamental Crop in the Andalusian Middle Ages |journal=Economic Botany |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=60–66 |jstor=40390435 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9070-3|bibcode=2009EcBot..63...60H }}</ref>

====Introduction to Western Europe====

====Introduction to Western Europe====