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Jonathan Markoff
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Bohemian revolt
[td]Thurn established a Protestant-dominated government in Bohemia, while unrest expanded into [[Silesia]] and the Habsburg heartlands of [[Lower Austria|Lower]] and [[Upper Austria]], where much of the nobility was also Protestant. Losing control of these threatened the entire Habsburg state, while in addition to its crucial electoral vote, Bohemia was one of the most prosperous areas of the Empire. Regaining control was vital for the Austrian Habsburgs, but chronic financial weakness left them dependent on Maximilian and Spain for the resources needed to achieve this.{{Sfn|Bassett|2015|pp=12, 15}}[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]Spanish involvement inevitably drew in the Dutch, and potentially [[Kingdom of France|France]], although the strongly Catholic [[Louis XIII of France]] faced his own [[Huguenot rebellions|Protestant rebels]] at home and refused to support them elsewhere. The revolt also provided opportunities for external opponents of the Habsburgs, including the Ottoman Empire and [[Savoyard state|Savoy]]. Funded by Frederick and [[Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy]], a mercenary army under [[Ernst von Mansfeld]] was sent to support the Bohemian rebels. Attempts by Maximilian and John George of Saxony to broker a negotiated solution ended when Matthias died in March 1619, since many believed the loss of his authority and influence had fatally damaged the Habsburgs.{{Sfn|Wedgwood|1938|pp=81β82}}[/td]
[td]Spanish involvement inevitably drew in the Dutch, and potentially [[Kingdom of France|France]], although the strongly Catholic [[Louis XIII]] faced his own [[Huguenot rebellions|Protestant rebels]] at home and refused to support them elsewhere. The revolt also provided opportunities for external opponents of the Habsburgs, including the Ottoman Empire and [[Savoyard state|Savoy]]. Funded by Frederick and [[Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy]], a mercenary army under [[Ernst von Mansfeld]] was sent to support the Bohemian rebels. Attempts by Maximilian and John George of Saxony to broker a negotiated solution ended when Matthias died in March 1619, since many believed the loss of his authority and influence had fatally damaged the Habsburgs.{{Sfn|Wedgwood|1938|pp=81β82}}[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]By mid-June 1619, the Bohemian army under Thurn was outside [[Vienna]] and despite Mansfeld's defeat at [[Battle of Sablat|Sablat]], Ferdinand's position continued to worsen.{{Sfn|Wedgwood|1938|p=94}} [[Gabriel Bethlen]], Calvinist [[Prince of Transylvania]], invaded Hungary with Ottoman support, although the Habsburgs persuaded them to avoid direct involvement. This was helped by Ottomans involvement first in the [[PolishβOttoman War (1620β21)|1620 Polish war]], then the [[OttomanβSafavid War (1623β1639)|1623 to 1639 conflict with Persia]].{{Sfn|Baramova|2014|pp=121β122}}[/td]
[td]By mid-June 1619, the Bohemian army under Thurn was outside [[Vienna]] and despite Mansfeld's defeat at [[Battle of Sablat|Sablat]], Ferdinand's position continued to worsen.{{Sfn|Wedgwood|1938|p=94}} [[Gabriel Bethlen]], Calvinist [[Prince of Transylvania]], invaded Hungary with Ottoman support, although the Habsburgs persuaded them to avoid direct involvement. This was helped by Ottomans involvement first in the [[PolishβOttoman War (1620β21)|1620 Polish war]], then the [[OttomanβSafavid War (1623β1639)|1623 to 1639 conflict with Persia]].{{Sfn|Baramova|2014|pp=121β122}}[/td]
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[td]Thurn established a Protestant-dominated government in Bohemia, while unrest expanded into [[Silesia]] and the Habsburg heartlands of [[Lower Austria|Lower]] and [[Upper Austria]], where much of the nobility was also Protestant. Losing control of these threatened the entire Habsburg state, while in addition to its crucial electoral vote, Bohemia was one of the most prosperous areas of the Empire. Regaining control was vital for the Austrian Habsburgs, but chronic financial weakness left them dependent on Maximilian and Spain for the resources needed to achieve this.{{Sfn|Bassett|2015|pp=12, 15}}[/td]Revision as of 08:09, 31 August 2025
[/td][td]Thurn established a Protestant-dominated government in Bohemia, while unrest expanded into [[Silesia]] and the Habsburg heartlands of [[Lower Austria|Lower]] and [[Upper Austria]], where much of the nobility was also Protestant. Losing control of these threatened the entire Habsburg state, while in addition to its crucial electoral vote, Bohemia was one of the most prosperous areas of the Empire. Regaining control was vital for the Austrian Habsburgs, but chronic financial weakness left them dependent on Maximilian and Spain for the resources needed to achieve this.{{Sfn|Bassett|2015|pp=12, 15}}[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]Spanish involvement inevitably drew in the Dutch, and potentially [[Kingdom of France|France]], although the strongly Catholic [[Louis XIII of France]] faced his own [[Huguenot rebellions|Protestant rebels]] at home and refused to support them elsewhere. The revolt also provided opportunities for external opponents of the Habsburgs, including the Ottoman Empire and [[Savoyard state|Savoy]]. Funded by Frederick and [[Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy]], a mercenary army under [[Ernst von Mansfeld]] was sent to support the Bohemian rebels. Attempts by Maximilian and John George of Saxony to broker a negotiated solution ended when Matthias died in March 1619, since many believed the loss of his authority and influence had fatally damaged the Habsburgs.{{Sfn|Wedgwood|1938|pp=81β82}}[/td]
[td]Spanish involvement inevitably drew in the Dutch, and potentially [[Kingdom of France|France]], although the strongly Catholic [[Louis XIII]] faced his own [[Huguenot rebellions|Protestant rebels]] at home and refused to support them elsewhere. The revolt also provided opportunities for external opponents of the Habsburgs, including the Ottoman Empire and [[Savoyard state|Savoy]]. Funded by Frederick and [[Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy]], a mercenary army under [[Ernst von Mansfeld]] was sent to support the Bohemian rebels. Attempts by Maximilian and John George of Saxony to broker a negotiated solution ended when Matthias died in March 1619, since many believed the loss of his authority and influence had fatally damaged the Habsburgs.{{Sfn|Wedgwood|1938|pp=81β82}}[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]By mid-June 1619, the Bohemian army under Thurn was outside [[Vienna]] and despite Mansfeld's defeat at [[Battle of Sablat|Sablat]], Ferdinand's position continued to worsen.{{Sfn|Wedgwood|1938|p=94}} [[Gabriel Bethlen]], Calvinist [[Prince of Transylvania]], invaded Hungary with Ottoman support, although the Habsburgs persuaded them to avoid direct involvement. This was helped by Ottomans involvement first in the [[PolishβOttoman War (1620β21)|1620 Polish war]], then the [[OttomanβSafavid War (1623β1639)|1623 to 1639 conflict with Persia]].{{Sfn|Baramova|2014|pp=121β122}}[/td]
[td]By mid-June 1619, the Bohemian army under Thurn was outside [[Vienna]] and despite Mansfeld's defeat at [[Battle of Sablat|Sablat]], Ferdinand's position continued to worsen.{{Sfn|Wedgwood|1938|p=94}} [[Gabriel Bethlen]], Calvinist [[Prince of Transylvania]], invaded Hungary with Ottoman support, although the Habsburgs persuaded them to avoid direct involvement. This was helped by Ottomans involvement first in the [[PolishβOttoman War (1620β21)|1620 Polish war]], then the [[OttomanβSafavid War (1623β1639)|1623 to 1639 conflict with Persia]].{{Sfn|Baramova|2014|pp=121β122}}[/td]
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