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Monitoring and observations: Arctic sea ice Adding missing citations
[td]Changes in sea ice conditions are best demonstrated by the rate of melting over time. A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.<ref name="Walsh2017">{{cite journal | last1=Walsh | first1=John E. | last2=Fetterer | first2=Florence | last3=Scott stewart | first3=J. | last4=Chapman | first4=William L. | title=A database for depicting Arctic sea ice variations back to 1850 | journal=Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=107 | issue=1 | date=2017-01-01 | issn=0016-7428 | doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12195.x | pages=89β107| doi-access=free | bibcode=2017GeoRv.107...89W }}</ref> Satellite study of sea ice began in 1979 and became a much more reliable measure of long-term changes in sea ice. In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950β1970 period.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6|last=Polyak |first=Leonid|author2=Richard B. Alley|author3=John T. Andrews |author4-link=Julie Brigham-Grette |author4=Julie Brigham-Grette|author5=Thomas M. Cronin |author6=Dennis A. Darby|author7=Arthur S. Dyke |author8=Joan J. Fitzpatrick|author9=Svend Funder |author10=Marika Holland|author11=Anne E. Jennings |author12=Gifford H. Miller|author13=Matt O'Regan |author14=James Savelle|author15=Mark Serreze |author16=Kristen St. John|author17=James W. C. White |author18=Eric Wolff |title=History of sea ice in the Arctic|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=29 |issue=15 |date=3 February 2010|pages=2β17|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.010|url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/jb...QSR10 inpress.pdf|bibcode=2010QSRv...29.1757P }}</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td][[Arctic]] sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007. Predictions of when the first [[Arctic sea ice decline#Ice-free summer vs. ice-free winter|"ice free" Arctic summer]] might occur vary.[/td]
[td][[Arctic]] sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Snow and Ice Data Center |date=September 18, 2012 |title=Arctic sea ice extent settles at record seasonal minimum {{!}} National Snow and Ice Data Center |url=https://nsidc.org/sea-ice-today/analyses/arctic-sea-ice-extent-settles-record-seasonal-minimum |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=nsidc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gillis |first=Justin |date=2012-09-19 |title=Ending Its Summer Melt, Arctic Sea Ice Sets a New Low That Leads to Warnings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/...-stops-melting-but-new-record-low-is-set.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |language=en}}</ref> Predictions of when the first [[Arctic sea ice decline#Ice-free summer vs. ice-free winter|"ice free" Arctic summer]] might occur vary.[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td][[Antarctic sea ice]] extent increased gradually from the start of satellite observations in 1979 until spring 2016, when it began a rapid decline that has continued through 2024.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raphael |first=Marilyn N. |last2=Maierhofer |first2=Thomas J. |last3=Fogt |first3=Ryan L. |last4=Hobbs |first4=William R. |last5=Handcock |first5=Mark S. |date=2025-02-21 |title=A twenty-first century structural change in Antarcticaβs sea ice system |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02107-5 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=131 |doi=10.1038/s43247-025-02107-5 |issn=2662-4435}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suryawanshi |first=Kshitija |last2=Jena |first2=B. |last3=Bajish |first3=C. C. |last4=Anilkumar |first4=N. |date=2023-06-09 |title=Recent Decline in Antarctic Sea Ice Cover From 2016 to 2022: Insights From Satellite Observations, Argo Floats, and Model Reanalysis |url=https://a.tellusjournals.se/articles/10.16993/tellusa.3222 |journal=Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography |language=en-US |volume=75 |issue=1 |doi=10.16993/tellusa.3222 |issn=1600-0870}}</ref>[/td]
[td][[Antarctic sea ice]] extent increased gradually from the start of satellite observations in 1979 until spring 2016, when it began a rapid decline that has continued through 2024.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raphael |first=Marilyn N. |last2=Maierhofer |first2=Thomas J. |last3=Fogt |first3=Ryan L. |last4=Hobbs |first4=William R. |last5=Handcock |first5=Mark S. |date=2025-02-21 |title=A twenty-first century structural change in Antarcticaβs sea ice system |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02107-5 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=131 |doi=10.1038/s43247-025-02107-5 |issn=2662-4435}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suryawanshi |first=Kshitija |last2=Jena |first2=B. |last3=Bajish |first3=C. C. |last4=Anilkumar |first4=N. |date=2023-06-09 |title=Recent Decline in Antarctic Sea Ice Cover From 2016 to 2022: Insights From Satellite Observations, Argo Floats, and Model Reanalysis |url=https://a.tellusjournals.se/articles/10.16993/tellusa.3222 |journal=Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography |language=en-US |volume=75 |issue=1 |doi=10.16993/tellusa.3222 |issn=1600-0870}}</ref>[/td]
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[td]Changes in sea ice conditions are best demonstrated by the rate of melting over time. A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.<ref name="Walsh2017">{{cite journal | last1=Walsh | first1=John E. | last2=Fetterer | first2=Florence | last3=Scott stewart | first3=J. | last4=Chapman | first4=William L. | title=A database for depicting Arctic sea ice variations back to 1850 | journal=Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=107 | issue=1 | date=2017-01-01 | issn=0016-7428 | doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12195.x | pages=89β107| doi-access=free | bibcode=2017GeoRv.107...89W }}</ref> Satellite study of sea ice began in 1979 and became a much more reliable measure of long-term changes in sea ice. In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950β1970 period.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6|last=Polyak |first=Leonid|author2=Richard B. Alley|author3=John T. Andrews |author4-link=Julie Brigham-Grette |author4=Julie Brigham-Grette|author5=Thomas M. Cronin |author6=Dennis A. Darby|author7=Arthur S. Dyke |author8=Joan J. Fitzpatrick|author9=Svend Funder |author10=Marika Holland|author11=Anne E. Jennings |author12=Gifford H. Miller|author13=Matt O'Regan |author14=James Savelle|author15=Mark Serreze |author16=Kristen St. John|author17=James W. C. White |author18=Eric Wolff |title=History of sea ice in the Arctic|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=29 |issue=15 |date=3 February 2010|pages=2β17|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.010|url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/jb...QSR10 inpress.pdf|bibcode=2010QSRv...29.1757P }}</ref>[/td]Revision as of 14:19, 2 September 2025
[/td][td]Changes in sea ice conditions are best demonstrated by the rate of melting over time. A composite record of Arctic ice demonstrates that the floes' retreat began around 1900, experiencing more rapid melting beginning within the past 50 years.<ref name="Walsh2017">{{cite journal | last1=Walsh | first1=John E. | last2=Fetterer | first2=Florence | last3=Scott stewart | first3=J. | last4=Chapman | first4=William L. | title=A database for depicting Arctic sea ice variations back to 1850 | journal=Geographical Review | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=107 | issue=1 | date=2017-01-01 | issn=0016-7428 | doi=10.1111/j.1931-0846.2016.12195.x | pages=89β107| doi-access=free | bibcode=2017GeoRv.107...89W }}</ref> Satellite study of sea ice began in 1979 and became a much more reliable measure of long-term changes in sea ice. In comparison to the extended record, the sea-ice extent in the polar region by September 2007 was only half the recorded mass that had been estimated to exist within the 1950β1970 period.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=6|last=Polyak |first=Leonid|author2=Richard B. Alley|author3=John T. Andrews |author4-link=Julie Brigham-Grette |author4=Julie Brigham-Grette|author5=Thomas M. Cronin |author6=Dennis A. Darby|author7=Arthur S. Dyke |author8=Joan J. Fitzpatrick|author9=Svend Funder |author10=Marika Holland|author11=Anne E. Jennings |author12=Gifford H. Miller|author13=Matt O'Regan |author14=James Savelle|author15=Mark Serreze |author16=Kristen St. John|author17=James W. C. White |author18=Eric Wolff |title=History of sea ice in the Arctic|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=29 |issue=15 |date=3 February 2010|pages=2β17|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.02.010|url=http://www.geo.umass.edu/faculty/jb...QSR10 inpress.pdf|bibcode=2010QSRv...29.1757P }}</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td][[Arctic]] sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007. Predictions of when the first [[Arctic sea ice decline#Ice-free summer vs. ice-free winter|"ice free" Arctic summer]] might occur vary.[/td]
[td][[Arctic]] sea ice extent ice hit an all-time low in September 2012, when the ice was determined to cover only 24% of the Arctic Ocean, offsetting the previous low of 29% in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Snow and Ice Data Center |date=September 18, 2012 |title=Arctic sea ice extent settles at record seasonal minimum {{!}} National Snow and Ice Data Center |url=https://nsidc.org/sea-ice-today/analyses/arctic-sea-ice-extent-settles-record-seasonal-minimum |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=nsidc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gillis |first=Justin |date=2012-09-19 |title=Ending Its Summer Melt, Arctic Sea Ice Sets a New Low That Leads to Warnings |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/20/...-stops-melting-but-new-record-low-is-set.html |access-date=2025-09-02 |language=en}}</ref> Predictions of when the first [[Arctic sea ice decline#Ice-free summer vs. ice-free winter|"ice free" Arctic summer]] might occur vary.[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td][[Antarctic sea ice]] extent increased gradually from the start of satellite observations in 1979 until spring 2016, when it began a rapid decline that has continued through 2024.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raphael |first=Marilyn N. |last2=Maierhofer |first2=Thomas J. |last3=Fogt |first3=Ryan L. |last4=Hobbs |first4=William R. |last5=Handcock |first5=Mark S. |date=2025-02-21 |title=A twenty-first century structural change in Antarcticaβs sea ice system |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02107-5 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=131 |doi=10.1038/s43247-025-02107-5 |issn=2662-4435}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suryawanshi |first=Kshitija |last2=Jena |first2=B. |last3=Bajish |first3=C. C. |last4=Anilkumar |first4=N. |date=2023-06-09 |title=Recent Decline in Antarctic Sea Ice Cover From 2016 to 2022: Insights From Satellite Observations, Argo Floats, and Model Reanalysis |url=https://a.tellusjournals.se/articles/10.16993/tellusa.3222 |journal=Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography |language=en-US |volume=75 |issue=1 |doi=10.16993/tellusa.3222 |issn=1600-0870}}</ref>[/td]
[td][[Antarctic sea ice]] extent increased gradually from the start of satellite observations in 1979 until spring 2016, when it began a rapid decline that has continued through 2024.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raphael |first=Marilyn N. |last2=Maierhofer |first2=Thomas J. |last3=Fogt |first3=Ryan L. |last4=Hobbs |first4=William R. |last5=Handcock |first5=Mark S. |date=2025-02-21 |title=A twenty-first century structural change in Antarcticaβs sea ice system |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02107-5 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=131 |doi=10.1038/s43247-025-02107-5 |issn=2662-4435}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Suryawanshi |first=Kshitija |last2=Jena |first2=B. |last3=Bajish |first3=C. C. |last4=Anilkumar |first4=N. |date=2023-06-09 |title=Recent Decline in Antarctic Sea Ice Cover From 2016 to 2022: Insights From Satellite Observations, Argo Floats, and Model Reanalysis |url=https://a.tellusjournals.se/articles/10.16993/tellusa.3222 |journal=Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography |language=en-US |volume=75 |issue=1 |doi=10.16993/tellusa.3222 |issn=1600-0870}}</ref>[/td]
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