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[td]As a prelude to [[The Holocaust|the Shoah]], Neukölln's only [[:de:Synagoge Isarstraße|synagogue on Isarstraße]] (Flughafenkiez) as well as numerous [[History of the Jews in Germany#Jews under the Nazis (1933–45)|Jewish]] businesses and property were attacked and demolished during the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' of 1938. Today, only a commemorative plaque remains of the synagogue.<ref group="note">In addition, the first ''[[stolperstein]]'' [[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Berlin-Neukölln|in Neukölln]] to honor the victims of Nazism was laid in 2006 in front of Hermannstraße 46; as of 2024, Neukölln has 242 of these commemorative pavement stones.</ref> At the same time, Neukölln's remaining Jewish politicians and officers were forced to resign from their posts at the district office. After the onset of [[World War II]] in 1939, the Rixdorf factories of the Krupp-Registrierkassen-Gesellschaft and American company [[NCR Voyix|National Cash Register]], which had merged as the [[Krupp#World War II|National Krupp Registrierkassen GmbH]] during the Weimar Republic, were transformed into military production facilities.<ref group="note">Between Weigandufer 39–45 at the [[Neukölln Ship Canal]] and [[Sonnenallee (Berlin)|Sonnenallee]] 181–89, at the time renamed to ''[[Braunau am Inn#Adolf Hitler's birthplace|Braunau]]er Straße''.</ref> In 1941, the [[:de:Friedhof Lilienthalstraße (Berlin)|Friedhof Lilienthalstraße]] in Hasenheide, which had been built by [[:de:Wilhelm Büning|Wilhelm Büning]], opened as a cemetery for the fallen soldiers of the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''. Today, it is a general cemetery for the victims of World War II. In 1942 a forced labor camp for up to 865 mainly Jewish and [[Romani people|Romani]] women from the [[German-occupied Europe|conquered Eastern territories]] was established on the National Krupp factory grounds. In 1944 it was absorbed as one of several Berlin outposts (''Außenlager''<ref>[https://www.berlin.de/kunst-und-kul...m/erinnerungsorte/kz-aussenlager-sonnenallee/ "KZ-Außenlager Sonnenallee"], ''Bezirksamt Neukölln''</ref>) of the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]], primarily for female [[History of the Jews in Poland#World War II and the destruction of Polish Jewry (1939–45)|Jewish-Polish]] forced laborers, who had been transferred from the [[Łódź Ghetto]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=1279|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref> The camp's last remaining barracks stood until the year 1957,<ref>Daniel Bosch & Lisanne Tholeikis, [https://www.neukoellner.net/zeitreisen/das-vergessene-kz-neukoellns/ "Das vergessene KZ Neuköllns"], ''Neuköllner'', 26 August 2017</ref> long after the Jewish survivors had emigrated.<ref group="note">Neukölln's and Berlin's Jewish survivors at first sheltered i.a. in Berlin's [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration|UNRRA]] camps for Jewish [[Forced displacement|displaced persons]], e.g. in nearby [[Mariendorf]], before emigrating to Israel or the United States; these camps were mainly constructed between 1945 and 1946 for Jewish refugees from Poland, who were fleeing post-war anti-semitic pogroms; cf. Sigrid Kneist, [https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/...rz-nach-kriegsende-schutz-suchten-194501.html "Eine eigene Stadt mitten in Berlin"], ''Tagesspiegel'', 25 July 2021 ([https://archive.today/2024081713391...rz-nach-kriegsende-schutz-suchten-194501.html archived]).</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J31319, Berlin, Bau von Straßensperren.jpg|thumb|right|''Volkssturm'' fortifying antitank barricades at Hermannstraße Station, 10 March 1945]][/td]
[td][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J31319, Berlin, Bau von Straßensperren.jpg|thumb|right|''Volkssturm'' fortifying antitank barriers at Hermannstraße Station, 10 March 1945]][/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]On 15 March 1945, Neukölln's city hall was damaged by an allied bomb, which forced borough mayor Kurt Samson and his district officers to relocate to a nearby school building, today's ''[[:de:Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium (Berlin-Neukölln)|Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium]]''. Against borough mayor Samson's will, district chairman (''Kreisleiter'') [[:de:Karl Wollenberg|Karl Wollenberg]] then ordered a unit of the ''[[Waffen-SS]]'' with support from the local [[Hitler Youth]] to fortify the abandoned building as part of the ''[[Volkssturm]]'''s last line of defense against the approaching [[Soviet Army]]. The fighting started on 26 April 1945, after the enemy's forces had broken through Neukölln's two main points of defense, from the north through antitank barriers on the ''[[:de:Treptower Brücke (Landwehrkanal)|Treptower Bridge]]'' via the Neukölln Ship Canal, and from the south via a temporary bridge across the Teltow Canal. Much of the ''Waffen-SS'' and ''Volkssturm'' retreated and disbanded, leaving only the Hitler Youth to defend the quarter's bridges. Neukölln's last stand at the remaining ''Waffen-SS'' holdout was around City Hall, which eventually caught fire. The Soviets took Neukölln on 28 April, but not before the ''Waffen-SS'' could destroy the ''Karstadt'' department store on Hermannplatz, which cost the lives of many unsuspecting civilians.<ref>Cornelia Hüge, "Das Rathaus Neukölln nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg", in: Dieter Althans (ed.), ''Rathaus Rixdorf – Rathaus Neukölln: aus Anlass des 100-jährigen Jubiläums'', Berlin 2008, p. 81–100; [https://schloss-gutshof-britz.de/application/files/7315/8880/6540/ohm.pdf "75 Jahre Kriegsende in Berlin-Neukölln"], ''Museum Neukölln'', Berlin 2020, p. 2 sq.</ref> At the end of the war, Neukölln's population had decreased by roughly 30,000, and 9% of the quarter's buildings had been destroyed, with 12% severely damaged by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|allied bombing raids]], including the ''Mercedes-Palast'' in the Rollberg neighborhood, which since 1927 had housed Europe's largest movie theater.<ref group="note">Parts of the building were saved and used as a theater, a smaller movie theater and a music venue until the 1960s.</ref>[/td]
[td]On 15 March 1945, Neukölln City Hall was damaged by an allied bomb, which forced borough mayor Kurt Samson and his district officers to relocate to a nearby school building, today's ''[[:de:Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium (Berlin-Neukölln)|Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium]]''. Against borough mayor Samson's will, district chairman (''Kreisleiter'') [[:de:Karl Wollenberg|Karl Wollenberg]] then ordered a unit of the ''[[Waffen-SS]]'' with support from the local [[Hitler Youth]] to fortify the abandoned building as part of the ''[[Volkssturm]]'''s last line of defense against the approaching [[Soviet Army]]. In Neukölln, the [[Battle of Berlin]] began on 26 April 1945, after the enemy's forces had broken through Neukölln's two main points of defense, from the north through antitank barriers on the ''[[:de:Treptower Brücke (Landwehrkanal)|Treptower Bridge]]'' via the Neukölln Ship Canal, and from the south via a temporary bridge across the Teltow Canal. Eventually, the ''Volkssturm'' disbanded, and most of the ''Waffen-SS'' retreated to defend Berlin's innermost city, leaving primarily the Hitler Youth to defend the quarter's bridges. Neukölln's last stand at the remaining ''Waffen-SS'' holdout was around City Hall, which eventually caught fire. The Soviets took Neukölln on 28 April, but not before the ''Waffen-SS'' could destroy the ''Karstadt'' department store on Hermannplatz, which cost the lives of many unsuspecting civilians.<ref>Cornelia Hüge, "Das Rathaus Neukölln nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg", in: Dieter Althans (ed.), ''Rathaus Rixdorf – Rathaus Neukölln: aus Anlass des 100-jährigen Jubiläums'', Berlin 2008, p. 81–100; [https://schloss-gutshof-britz.de/application/files/7315/8880/6540/ohm.pdf "75 Jahre Kriegsende in Berlin-Neukölln"], ''Museum Neukölln'', Berlin 2020, p. 2 sq.</ref> At the end of the war, Neukölln's population had decreased by roughly 30,000, and 9% of the quarter's buildings had been destroyed, with 12% severely damaged by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|allied bombing raids]], including the ''Mercedes-Palast'' in the Rollberg neighborhood, which since 1927 had housed Europe's largest movie theater.<ref group="note">Parts of the building were saved and used as a theater, a smaller movie theater and a music venue until the 1960s.</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N1113-314, Berlin - Kinder fegen Mehlreste zusammen - cropped.jpg|thumb|right|''Notzeit'' in Neukölln, 1945<ref group="note">Children in Neukölln sweeping up flour leftovers from the bed of a transport truck for cooking [[gruel]].</ref>]][/td]
[td][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N1113-314, Berlin - Kinder fegen Mehlreste zusammen - cropped.jpg|thumb|right|''Notzeit'' in Neukölln, 1945<ref group="note">Children in Neukölln sweeping up flour leftovers from the bed of a transport truck for cooking [[gruel]].</ref>]][/td]
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[td]As a prelude to [[The Holocaust|the Shoah]], Neukölln's only [[:de:Synagoge Isarstraße|synagogue on Isarstraße]] (Flughafenkiez) as well as numerous [[History of the Jews in Germany#Jews under the Nazis (1933–45)|Jewish]] businesses and property were attacked and demolished during the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' of 1938. Today, only a commemorative plaque remains of the synagogue.<ref group="note">In addition, the first ''[[stolperstein]]'' [[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Berlin-Neukölln|in Neukölln]] to honor the victims of Nazism was laid in 2006 in front of Hermannstraße 46; as of 2024, Neukölln has 242 of these commemorative pavement stones.</ref> At the same time, Neukölln's remaining Jewish politicians and officers were forced to resign from their posts at the district office. After the onset of [[World War II]] in 1939, the Rixdorf factories of the Krupp-Registrierkassen-Gesellschaft and American company [[NCR Voyix|National Cash Register]], which had merged as the [[Krupp#World War II|National Krupp Registrierkassen GmbH]] during the Weimar Republic, were transformed into military production facilities.<ref group="note">Between Weigandufer 39–45 at the [[Neukölln Ship Canal]] and [[Sonnenallee (Berlin)|Sonnenallee]] 181–89, at the time renamed to ''[[Braunau am Inn#Adolf Hitler's birthplace|Braunau]]er Straße''.</ref> In 1941, the [[:de:Friedhof Lilienthalstraße (Berlin)|Friedhof Lilienthalstraße]] in Hasenheide, which had been built by [[:de:Wilhelm Büning|Wilhelm Büning]], opened as a cemetery for the fallen soldiers of the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''. Today, it is a general cemetery for the victims of World War II. In 1942 a forced labor camp for up to 865 mainly Jewish and [[Romani people|Romani]] women from the [[German-occupied Europe|conquered Eastern territories]] was established on the National Krupp factory grounds. In 1944 it was absorbed as one of several Berlin outposts (''Außenlager''<ref>[https://www.berlin.de/kunst-und-kul...m/erinnerungsorte/kz-aussenlager-sonnenallee/ "KZ-Außenlager Sonnenallee"], ''Bezirksamt Neukölln''</ref>) of the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]], primarily for female [[History of the Jews in Poland#World War II and the destruction of Polish Jewry (1939–45)|Jewish-Polish]] forced laborers, who had been transferred from the [[Łódź Ghetto]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=1279|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref> The camp's last remaining barracks stood until the year 1957,<ref>Daniel Bosch & Lisanne Tholeikis, [https://www.neukoellner.net/zeitreisen/das-vergessene-kz-neukoellns/ "Das vergessene KZ Neuköllns"], ''Neuköllner'', 26 August 2017</ref> long after the Jewish survivors had emigrated.<ref group="note">Neukölln's and Berlin's Jewish survivors at first sheltered i.a. in Berlin's [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration|UNRRA]] camps for Jewish [[Forced displacement|displaced persons]], e.g. in nearby [[Mariendorf]], before emigrating to Israel or the United States; these camps were mainly constructed between 1945 and 1946 for Jewish refugees from Poland, who were fleeing post-war anti-semitic pogroms; cf. Sigrid Kneist, [https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/...rz-nach-kriegsende-schutz-suchten-194501.html "Eine eigene Stadt mitten in Berlin"], ''Tagesspiegel'', 25 July 2021 ([https://archive.today/2024081713391...rz-nach-kriegsende-schutz-suchten-194501.html archived]).</ref>[/td]Revision as of 07:34, 2 September 2025
[/td][td]As a prelude to [[The Holocaust|the Shoah]], Neukölln's only [[:de:Synagoge Isarstraße|synagogue on Isarstraße]] (Flughafenkiez) as well as numerous [[History of the Jews in Germany#Jews under the Nazis (1933–45)|Jewish]] businesses and property were attacked and demolished during the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' of 1938. Today, only a commemorative plaque remains of the synagogue.<ref group="note">In addition, the first ''[[stolperstein]]'' [[:de:Liste der Stolpersteine in Berlin-Neukölln|in Neukölln]] to honor the victims of Nazism was laid in 2006 in front of Hermannstraße 46; as of 2024, Neukölln has 242 of these commemorative pavement stones.</ref> At the same time, Neukölln's remaining Jewish politicians and officers were forced to resign from their posts at the district office. After the onset of [[World War II]] in 1939, the Rixdorf factories of the Krupp-Registrierkassen-Gesellschaft and American company [[NCR Voyix|National Cash Register]], which had merged as the [[Krupp#World War II|National Krupp Registrierkassen GmbH]] during the Weimar Republic, were transformed into military production facilities.<ref group="note">Between Weigandufer 39–45 at the [[Neukölln Ship Canal]] and [[Sonnenallee (Berlin)|Sonnenallee]] 181–89, at the time renamed to ''[[Braunau am Inn#Adolf Hitler's birthplace|Braunau]]er Straße''.</ref> In 1941, the [[:de:Friedhof Lilienthalstraße (Berlin)|Friedhof Lilienthalstraße]] in Hasenheide, which had been built by [[:de:Wilhelm Büning|Wilhelm Büning]], opened as a cemetery for the fallen soldiers of the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''. Today, it is a general cemetery for the victims of World War II. In 1942 a forced labor camp for up to 865 mainly Jewish and [[Romani people|Romani]] women from the [[German-occupied Europe|conquered Eastern territories]] was established on the National Krupp factory grounds. In 1944 it was absorbed as one of several Berlin outposts (''Außenlager''<ref>[https://www.berlin.de/kunst-und-kul...m/erinnerungsorte/kz-aussenlager-sonnenallee/ "KZ-Außenlager Sonnenallee"], ''Bezirksamt Neukölln''</ref>) of the [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]], primarily for female [[History of the Jews in Poland#World War II and the destruction of Polish Jewry (1939–45)|Jewish-Polish]] forced laborers, who had been transferred from the [[Łódź Ghetto]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] respectively.<ref>{{cite book|last=Megargee|first=Geoffrey P.|year=2009|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume I|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=1279|isbn=978-0-253-35328-3}}</ref> The camp's last remaining barracks stood until the year 1957,<ref>Daniel Bosch & Lisanne Tholeikis, [https://www.neukoellner.net/zeitreisen/das-vergessene-kz-neukoellns/ "Das vergessene KZ Neuköllns"], ''Neuköllner'', 26 August 2017</ref> long after the Jewish survivors had emigrated.<ref group="note">Neukölln's and Berlin's Jewish survivors at first sheltered i.a. in Berlin's [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration|UNRRA]] camps for Jewish [[Forced displacement|displaced persons]], e.g. in nearby [[Mariendorf]], before emigrating to Israel or the United States; these camps were mainly constructed between 1945 and 1946 for Jewish refugees from Poland, who were fleeing post-war anti-semitic pogroms; cf. Sigrid Kneist, [https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/...rz-nach-kriegsende-schutz-suchten-194501.html "Eine eigene Stadt mitten in Berlin"], ''Tagesspiegel'', 25 July 2021 ([https://archive.today/2024081713391...rz-nach-kriegsende-schutz-suchten-194501.html archived]).</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J31319, Berlin, Bau von Straßensperren.jpg|thumb|right|''Volkssturm'' fortifying antitank barricades at Hermannstraße Station, 10 March 1945]][/td]
[td][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J31319, Berlin, Bau von Straßensperren.jpg|thumb|right|''Volkssturm'' fortifying antitank barriers at Hermannstraße Station, 10 March 1945]][/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]On 15 March 1945, Neukölln's city hall was damaged by an allied bomb, which forced borough mayor Kurt Samson and his district officers to relocate to a nearby school building, today's ''[[:de:Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium (Berlin-Neukölln)|Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium]]''. Against borough mayor Samson's will, district chairman (''Kreisleiter'') [[:de:Karl Wollenberg|Karl Wollenberg]] then ordered a unit of the ''[[Waffen-SS]]'' with support from the local [[Hitler Youth]] to fortify the abandoned building as part of the ''[[Volkssturm]]'''s last line of defense against the approaching [[Soviet Army]]. The fighting started on 26 April 1945, after the enemy's forces had broken through Neukölln's two main points of defense, from the north through antitank barriers on the ''[[:de:Treptower Brücke (Landwehrkanal)|Treptower Bridge]]'' via the Neukölln Ship Canal, and from the south via a temporary bridge across the Teltow Canal. Much of the ''Waffen-SS'' and ''Volkssturm'' retreated and disbanded, leaving only the Hitler Youth to defend the quarter's bridges. Neukölln's last stand at the remaining ''Waffen-SS'' holdout was around City Hall, which eventually caught fire. The Soviets took Neukölln on 28 April, but not before the ''Waffen-SS'' could destroy the ''Karstadt'' department store on Hermannplatz, which cost the lives of many unsuspecting civilians.<ref>Cornelia Hüge, "Das Rathaus Neukölln nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg", in: Dieter Althans (ed.), ''Rathaus Rixdorf – Rathaus Neukölln: aus Anlass des 100-jährigen Jubiläums'', Berlin 2008, p. 81–100; [https://schloss-gutshof-britz.de/application/files/7315/8880/6540/ohm.pdf "75 Jahre Kriegsende in Berlin-Neukölln"], ''Museum Neukölln'', Berlin 2020, p. 2 sq.</ref> At the end of the war, Neukölln's population had decreased by roughly 30,000, and 9% of the quarter's buildings had been destroyed, with 12% severely damaged by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|allied bombing raids]], including the ''Mercedes-Palast'' in the Rollberg neighborhood, which since 1927 had housed Europe's largest movie theater.<ref group="note">Parts of the building were saved and used as a theater, a smaller movie theater and a music venue until the 1960s.</ref>[/td]
[td]On 15 March 1945, Neukölln City Hall was damaged by an allied bomb, which forced borough mayor Kurt Samson and his district officers to relocate to a nearby school building, today's ''[[:de:Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium (Berlin-Neukölln)|Albert-Schweitzer-Gymnasium]]''. Against borough mayor Samson's will, district chairman (''Kreisleiter'') [[:de:Karl Wollenberg|Karl Wollenberg]] then ordered a unit of the ''[[Waffen-SS]]'' with support from the local [[Hitler Youth]] to fortify the abandoned building as part of the ''[[Volkssturm]]'''s last line of defense against the approaching [[Soviet Army]]. In Neukölln, the [[Battle of Berlin]] began on 26 April 1945, after the enemy's forces had broken through Neukölln's two main points of defense, from the north through antitank barriers on the ''[[:de:Treptower Brücke (Landwehrkanal)|Treptower Bridge]]'' via the Neukölln Ship Canal, and from the south via a temporary bridge across the Teltow Canal. Eventually, the ''Volkssturm'' disbanded, and most of the ''Waffen-SS'' retreated to defend Berlin's innermost city, leaving primarily the Hitler Youth to defend the quarter's bridges. Neukölln's last stand at the remaining ''Waffen-SS'' holdout was around City Hall, which eventually caught fire. The Soviets took Neukölln on 28 April, but not before the ''Waffen-SS'' could destroy the ''Karstadt'' department store on Hermannplatz, which cost the lives of many unsuspecting civilians.<ref>Cornelia Hüge, "Das Rathaus Neukölln nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg", in: Dieter Althans (ed.), ''Rathaus Rixdorf – Rathaus Neukölln: aus Anlass des 100-jährigen Jubiläums'', Berlin 2008, p. 81–100; [https://schloss-gutshof-britz.de/application/files/7315/8880/6540/ohm.pdf "75 Jahre Kriegsende in Berlin-Neukölln"], ''Museum Neukölln'', Berlin 2020, p. 2 sq.</ref> At the end of the war, Neukölln's population had decreased by roughly 30,000, and 9% of the quarter's buildings had been destroyed, with 12% severely damaged by [[Strategic bombing during World War II|allied bombing raids]], including the ''Mercedes-Palast'' in the Rollberg neighborhood, which since 1927 had housed Europe's largest movie theater.<ref group="note">Parts of the building were saved and used as a theater, a smaller movie theater and a music venue until the 1960s.</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N1113-314, Berlin - Kinder fegen Mehlreste zusammen - cropped.jpg|thumb|right|''Notzeit'' in Neukölln, 1945<ref group="note">Children in Neukölln sweeping up flour leftovers from the bed of a transport truck for cooking [[gruel]].</ref>]][/td]
[td][[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N1113-314, Berlin - Kinder fegen Mehlreste zusammen - cropped.jpg|thumb|right|''Notzeit'' in Neukölln, 1945<ref group="note">Children in Neukölln sweeping up flour leftovers from the bed of a transport truck for cooking [[gruel]].</ref>]][/td]
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