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[td]Ancient Roman medicine was divided into specializations such as [[ophthalmology]] and [[urology]]. To increase their knowledge of the human body, physicians used a variety of [[Surgery|surgical procedures]] for dissection that were carried out using many different instruments including [[forceps]], [[scalpel]]s and [[catheter]]s.[/td]Revision as of 22:09, 2 September 2025
[/td][td]Ancient Roman medicine was divided into specializations such as [[ophthalmology]] and [[urology]]. To increase their knowledge of the human body, physicians used a variety of [[Surgery|surgical procedures]] for dissection that were carried out using many different instruments including [[forceps]], [[scalpel]]s and [[catheter]]s.[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]==Introduction==[/td]
[td]==History==[/td] [td][/td] [td]===Introduction===[/td] [td][[File
epiction of eye examination.jpg|thumb|Relief from a [[Roman sarcophagus|sarcophagus]] depicting an [[oculist]] examining a patient (latter 3rd century AD)]][/td][td][[File
epiction of eye examination.jpg|thumb|Relief from a [[Roman sarcophagus|sarcophagus]] depicting an [[oculist]] examining a patient (latter 3rd century AD)]][/td]
[td]The Roman Empire was a complex and vigorous combination of Greek and Roman cultural elements<ref>{{Cite book|title = A History of Medicine|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qtUzscI9_VIC|publisher = CRC Press|date = 1992-03-17|isbn = 9780824786731|first = Lois N.|last = Magner|pages = 80β90}}</ref> forged through centuries of contact. Later Latin authors, notably [[Cato the Elder|Cato]] and [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], believed in a specific traditional Roman type of healing based on herbs, chants, prayers and charms easily available to and by the head of household.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Western medical tradition. [1]: 800 BC to AD 1800|last = Conrad|first = Lawrence 1|publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press|year = 2009|isbn = 9780521475648|location = Cambridge|pages = 33β58}}</ref>[/td][td]The Roman Empire was a complex and vigorous combination of Greek and Roman cultural elements<ref>{{Cite book|title = A History of Medicine|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qtUzscI9_VIC|publisher = CRC Press|date = 1992-03-17|isbn = 9780824786731|first = Lois N.|last = Magner|pages = 80β90}}</ref> forged through centuries of contact. Later Latin authors, notably [[Cato the Elder|Cato]] and [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], believed in a specific traditional Roman type of healing based on herbs, chants, prayers and charms easily available to and by the head of household.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Western medical tradition. [1]: 800 BC to AD 1800|last = Conrad|first = Lawrence 1|publisher = Cambridge Univ. Press|year = 2009|isbn = 9780521475648|location = Cambridge|pages = 33β58}}</ref>[/td] [td]Setting aside some of the broader implications of the Greek influence on Roman society, the effect of [[ancient Greek medicine]], ethnography, and meteorology was particularly pertinent to two fields: architecture and health care. This was particularly important from the perspective of the [[Roman army]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = Patients and Healers in the High Roman Empire|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tSp-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|publisher = JHU Press|date = 2015-01-23|isbn = 9781421416281|first = Ido|last = Israelowich|pages = 90β100}}</ref> in which there were many medical advances. A medical corpus was established,<ref name=":3" /> permanent physicians were appointed, the ''valetudinaria'' (military hospitals) were established, and in Caesar's time, the first traces of systematic care for the wounded appeared. The variety and nature of the surgical instruments discovered in Roman remains indicate a good knowledge of [[Surgery in ancient Rome|surgery]].<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 3286964|title = Medicine in the Roman Army|last = Byrne|first = Eugene Hugh|date = Apr 1910|journal = The Classical Journal|volume = 5|issue = 6|pages = 267β272|publisher = The Classical Association of the Middle West and South}}</ref>[/td]
[td]Setting aside some of the broader implications of the Greek influence on Roman society, the effect of [[ancient Greek medicine]], ethnography, and meteorology was particularly pertinent to two fields: architecture and health care. This was particularly important from the perspective of the [[Roman army]],<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = Patients and Healers in the High Roman Empire|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tSp-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|publisher = JHU Press|date = 2015-01-23|isbn = 9781421416281|first = Ido|last = Israelowich|pages = 90β100}}</ref> in which there were many medical advances. A medical corpus was established,<ref name=":3" /> permanent physicians were appointed, the ''valetudinaria'' (military hospitals) were established, and in Caesar's time, the first traces of systematic care for the wounded appeared. The variety and nature of the surgical instruments discovered in Roman remains indicate a good knowledge of [[Surgery in ancient Rome|surgery]].<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 3286964|title = Medicine in the Roman Army|last = Byrne|first = Eugene Hugh|date = Apr 1910|journal = The Classical Journal|volume = 5|issue = 6|pages = 267β272|publisher = The Classical Association of the Middle West and South}}</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]== Roman medicine ==[/td]
[td]=== Roman medicine ===[/td] [td]Roman medicine was highly influenced by the Greek medical tradition. Prior to the introduction of Greek medicine Roman medicine was a combination of religion and magic. The first Roman physicians were religious figures with no medical training or the head of the family.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=William A.|date=1955|title=The Practice of Medicine in Ancient Rome|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF03016172.pdf|journal=Canadian Anaesthetists' Society Journal|volume=2|issue=3|pages=281β283|doi=10.1007/BF03016172|s2cid=71952217}}</ref> The first professional physicians were Greek physicians. Asclepiades of Bithynia arrived in 124 BC. He was a popular physician known for his kindness to his patients often prescribing wine, rest and a swinging couch.<ref name=":17" /> The incorporation of Greek medicine into Roman society allowed Rome to transform into a monumental{{clarify|date=May 2017}} city by 100 BC.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Ancient medicine|last=Nutton|first=Vivian|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-36848-3|location=London|pages=166β167}}</ref> Like Greek physicians, Roman physicians relied on naturalistic observations rather than on spiritual rituals; but that does not imply an absence of spiritual belief. Tragic famines and plagues were often attributed to divine punishment; and appeasement of the gods through rituals was believed to alleviate such events. [[Miasma theory|Miasma]] was perceived to be the root cause of many diseases, whether caused by famine, wars, or plague. The concept of contagion was formulated, resulting in practices of quarantine and improved sanitation.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Conrad|first1 = Lawrence I.|title = The Western medical tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800|date = 1998|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge|isbn = 0521475643|edition = Reprinted.|pages = 53β54}}</ref> The Romans established systems of public hygiene indicating there was an understanding that this was of importance to public health. This can be seen in their practices of burying the dead outside the city walls, their large supplies of water available through aqueducts, public bathing areas and public sewage systems. They also began draining swamps in close proximity to cities.<ref name=":17" />[/td]
[td]Roman medicine was highly influenced by the Greek medical tradition. Prior to the introduction of Greek medicine Roman medicine was a combination of religion and magic. The first Roman physicians were religious figures with no medical training or the head of the family.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=William A.|date=1955|title=The Practice of Medicine in Ancient Rome|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF03016172.pdf|journal=Canadian Anaesthetists' Society Journal|volume=2|issue=3|pages=281β283|doi=10.1007/BF03016172|s2cid=71952217}}</ref> The first professional physicians were Greek physicians. Asclepiades of Bithynia arrived in 124 BC. He was a popular physician known for his kindness to his patients often prescribing wine, rest and a swinging couch.<ref name=":17" /> The incorporation of Greek medicine into Roman society allowed Rome to transform into a monumental{{clarify|date=May 2017}} city by 100 BC.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title=Ancient medicine|last=Nutton|first=Vivian|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-0-415-36848-3|location=London|pages=166β167}}</ref> Like Greek physicians, Roman physicians relied on naturalistic observations rather than on spiritual rituals; but that does not imply an absence of spiritual belief. Tragic famines and plagues were often attributed to divine punishment; and appeasement of the gods through rituals was believed to alleviate such events. [[Miasma theory|Miasma]] was perceived to be the root cause of many diseases, whether caused by famine, wars, or plague. The concept of contagion was formulated, resulting in practices of quarantine and improved sanitation.<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Conrad|first1 = Lawrence I.|title = The Western medical tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800|date = 1998|publisher = Cambridge University Press|location = Cambridge|isbn = 0521475643|edition = Reprinted.|pages = 53β54}}</ref> The Romans established systems of public hygiene indicating there was an understanding that this was of importance to public health. This can be seen in their practices of burying the dead outside the city walls, their large supplies of water available through aqueducts, public bathing areas and public sewage systems. They also began draining swamps in close proximity to cities.<ref name=":17" />[/td] [td][/td]
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