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Clarified roles in the Atlantic slave trade: African polities often captured/sold captives, but Europeans transported them to the Americas. Added citation (Thornton 1998).
[td]The Mandinka are the descendants of the [[Mali Empire]], which rose to power in the 13th century under the rule of king [[Sundiata Keita]], who founded an empire that would go on to span a large part of West Africa. They migrated south and west from the [[Senegal river valley]] in search of better agricultural lands and more opportunities for conquest.<ref name=ref1 /> Nowadays, the Mandinka inhabit the [[West Sudanian savanna]] region extending from [[The Gambia]] and the [[Casamance]] region in [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], [[Guinea]] and [[Guinea-Bissau|Guinea Bissau]]. Although widespread, the Mandinka constitute the largest ethnic group only in the countries of Mali, Guinea and The Gambia.<ref name=gatesmandinka>{{cite book|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|pages=135β136}}</ref> Most Mandinka live in family-related compounds in traditional rural villages. Their traditional society has featured socially stratified castes.{{r|"Godfrey2019"|p=43β44}}<ref name=hughesstrata/><ref name=hopkinsmandinka/> Mandinka communities have been fairly autonomous and self-ruled, being led by a chief and group of elders. Mandinka has been an [[Oral tradition|oral society]], where mythologies, history and knowledge are verbally transmitted from one generation to the next.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=History in Africa|volume= 5|year= 1978|pages= 257β271|title=Koli Tengela in Sonko Traditions of Origin: an Example of the Process of Change in Mandinka Oral Tradition| author=Donald Wright| publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.2307/3171489|jstor= 3171489|s2cid= 162959732}}</ref> Their music and literary traditions are preserved by a caste of [[griot]]s, known locally as ''jalolu'' (singular, ''jali''), as well as guilds and brotherhoods like the ''[[Dozo|donso]]'' ([[hunter]]s).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pettersson |first1=Anders |last2=Lindberg-Wada |first2=Gunilla |last3=Petersson |first3=Margareta |last4=Helgesson |first4=Stefan |title=Literary History: Towards a Global Perspective |date=2006 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-018932-2 |page=271 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2muIgoqGR1kC&pg=PA271 |language=en}}</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many Mandinka people, along with numerous other African ethnic groups, were [[Atlantic slave trade|captured, enslaved and shipped]] to the [[Americas]] by other Africans. They intermixed with slaves and workers of other ethnicities, creating a [[Creole peoples|Creole]] culture. The Mandinka people significantly influenced the African heritage of descended peoples now found in [[Brazil]], the [[Southern United States]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="muse.jhu.edu">{{Cite journal | author= Matt Schaffer|title = Bound to Africa: The Mandingo Legacy in the New World | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/article/187892 | journal= History in Africa |volume=32 |year=2005|pages= 321β369 | access-date = June 1, 2016 | doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0021|s2cid = 52045769 |url-access= subscription }}, Quote: "The identification of Mande influence in the South [United States], the Caribbean and Brazil, must also be conditioned with a huge realityβethnic diversity. Slaves from hundreds of ethnic groups from all over Africa came into the South and the rest of the Americas along with the Mandinka/Mande."</ref>[/td]
[td]Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many Mandinka people, along with numerous other African ethnic groups, were [[Atlantic slave trade|captured within Africa, often by African polities and traders, and sold to European slavers who transported them across the Atlantic]] to the [[Americas]]. They intermixed with slaves and workers of other ethnicities, creating a [[Creole peoples|Creole]] culture. The Mandinka people significantly influenced the African heritage of descended peoples now found in [[Brazil]], the [[Southern United States]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="muse.jhu.edu">{{Cite journal | author= Matt Schaffer|title = Bound to Africa: The Mandingo Legacy in the New World | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/article/187892 | journal= History in Africa |volume=32 |year=2005|pages= 321β369 | access-date = June 1, 2016 | doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0021|s2cid = 52045769 |url-access= subscription }}, Quote: "The identification of Mande influence in the South [United States], the Caribbean and Brazil, must also be conditioned with a huge realityβethnic diversity. Slaves from hundreds of ethnic groups from all over Africa came into the South and the rest of the Americas along with the Mandinka/Mande."</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]==History==[/td]
[td]==History==[/td]
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[td]The Mandinka are the descendants of the [[Mali Empire]], which rose to power in the 13th century under the rule of king [[Sundiata Keita]], who founded an empire that would go on to span a large part of West Africa. They migrated south and west from the [[Senegal river valley]] in search of better agricultural lands and more opportunities for conquest.<ref name=ref1 /> Nowadays, the Mandinka inhabit the [[West Sudanian savanna]] region extending from [[The Gambia]] and the [[Casamance]] region in [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], [[Guinea]] and [[Guinea-Bissau|Guinea Bissau]]. Although widespread, the Mandinka constitute the largest ethnic group only in the countries of Mali, Guinea and The Gambia.<ref name=gatesmandinka>{{cite book|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|pages=135β136}}</ref> Most Mandinka live in family-related compounds in traditional rural villages. Their traditional society has featured socially stratified castes.{{r|"Godfrey2019"|p=43β44}}<ref name=hughesstrata/><ref name=hopkinsmandinka/> Mandinka communities have been fairly autonomous and self-ruled, being led by a chief and group of elders. Mandinka has been an [[Oral tradition|oral society]], where mythologies, history and knowledge are verbally transmitted from one generation to the next.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=History in Africa|volume= 5|year= 1978|pages= 257β271|title=Koli Tengela in Sonko Traditions of Origin: an Example of the Process of Change in Mandinka Oral Tradition| author=Donald Wright| publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.2307/3171489|jstor= 3171489|s2cid= 162959732}}</ref> Their music and literary traditions are preserved by a caste of [[griot]]s, known locally as ''jalolu'' (singular, ''jali''), as well as guilds and brotherhoods like the ''[[Dozo|donso]]'' ([[hunter]]s).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pettersson |first1=Anders |last2=Lindberg-Wada |first2=Gunilla |last3=Petersson |first3=Margareta |last4=Helgesson |first4=Stefan |title=Literary History: Towards a Global Perspective |date=2006 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-018932-2 |page=271 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2muIgoqGR1kC&pg=PA271 |language=en}}</ref>[/td]Revision as of 08:09, 31 August 2025
[/td][td]The Mandinka are the descendants of the [[Mali Empire]], which rose to power in the 13th century under the rule of king [[Sundiata Keita]], who founded an empire that would go on to span a large part of West Africa. They migrated south and west from the [[Senegal river valley]] in search of better agricultural lands and more opportunities for conquest.<ref name=ref1 /> Nowadays, the Mandinka inhabit the [[West Sudanian savanna]] region extending from [[The Gambia]] and the [[Casamance]] region in [[Senegal]], [[Mali]], [[Guinea]] and [[Guinea-Bissau|Guinea Bissau]]. Although widespread, the Mandinka constitute the largest ethnic group only in the countries of Mali, Guinea and The Gambia.<ref name=gatesmandinka>{{cite book|author1=Anthony Appiah|author2=Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|pages=135β136}}</ref> Most Mandinka live in family-related compounds in traditional rural villages. Their traditional society has featured socially stratified castes.{{r|"Godfrey2019"|p=43β44}}<ref name=hughesstrata/><ref name=hopkinsmandinka/> Mandinka communities have been fairly autonomous and self-ruled, being led by a chief and group of elders. Mandinka has been an [[Oral tradition|oral society]], where mythologies, history and knowledge are verbally transmitted from one generation to the next.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=History in Africa|volume= 5|year= 1978|pages= 257β271|title=Koli Tengela in Sonko Traditions of Origin: an Example of the Process of Change in Mandinka Oral Tradition| author=Donald Wright| publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.2307/3171489|jstor= 3171489|s2cid= 162959732}}</ref> Their music and literary traditions are preserved by a caste of [[griot]]s, known locally as ''jalolu'' (singular, ''jali''), as well as guilds and brotherhoods like the ''[[Dozo|donso]]'' ([[hunter]]s).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pettersson |first1=Anders |last2=Lindberg-Wada |first2=Gunilla |last3=Petersson |first3=Margareta |last4=Helgesson |first4=Stefan |title=Literary History: Towards a Global Perspective |date=2006 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-018932-2 |page=271 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2muIgoqGR1kC&pg=PA271 |language=en}}</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many Mandinka people, along with numerous other African ethnic groups, were [[Atlantic slave trade|captured, enslaved and shipped]] to the [[Americas]] by other Africans. They intermixed with slaves and workers of other ethnicities, creating a [[Creole peoples|Creole]] culture. The Mandinka people significantly influenced the African heritage of descended peoples now found in [[Brazil]], the [[Southern United States]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="muse.jhu.edu">{{Cite journal | author= Matt Schaffer|title = Bound to Africa: The Mandingo Legacy in the New World | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/article/187892 | journal= History in Africa |volume=32 |year=2005|pages= 321β369 | access-date = June 1, 2016 | doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0021|s2cid = 52045769 |url-access= subscription }}, Quote: "The identification of Mande influence in the South [United States], the Caribbean and Brazil, must also be conditioned with a huge realityβethnic diversity. Slaves from hundreds of ethnic groups from all over Africa came into the South and the rest of the Americas along with the Mandinka/Mande."</ref>[/td]
[td]Between the 16th and 19th centuries, many Mandinka people, along with numerous other African ethnic groups, were [[Atlantic slave trade|captured within Africa, often by African polities and traders, and sold to European slavers who transported them across the Atlantic]] to the [[Americas]]. They intermixed with slaves and workers of other ethnicities, creating a [[Creole peoples|Creole]] culture. The Mandinka people significantly influenced the African heritage of descended peoples now found in [[Brazil]], the [[Southern United States]] and, to a lesser extent, the [[Caribbean]].<ref name="muse.jhu.edu">{{Cite journal | author= Matt Schaffer|title = Bound to Africa: The Mandingo Legacy in the New World | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/article/187892 | journal= History in Africa |volume=32 |year=2005|pages= 321β369 | access-date = June 1, 2016 | doi=10.1353/hia.2005.0021|s2cid = 52045769 |url-access= subscription }}, Quote: "The identification of Mande influence in the South [United States], the Caribbean and Brazil, must also be conditioned with a huge realityβethnic diversity. Slaves from hundreds of ethnic groups from all over Africa came into the South and the rest of the Americas along with the Mandinka/Mande."</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]==History==[/td]
[td]==History==[/td]
Continue reading...
