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[td]{{Further information|1939 Liechtenstein general election|1939 Liechtenstein putsch}}[/td]Revision as of 04:48, 31 August 2025
[/td][td]{{Further information|1939 Liechtenstein general election|1939 Liechtenstein putsch}}[/td] [td][[File:Hoop_Vogt_Schaedler_Marxer_1938.jpg|thumb|Four major political figures in Liechtenstein in 1938. From left; [[Alois Vogt]], [[Otto Schaedler]], [[Josef Hoop]] and [[Ludwig Marxer]].|alt=A photograph of four prominent Liechtenstein politicians in 1938. Standing from the left are Alois Vogt, Otto Schaedler, Josef Hoop and Ludwig Marxer.]][/td]
[td][[File:Hoop_Vogt_Schaedler_Marxer_1938.jpg|thumb|Four major political figures in Liechtenstein in 1938. From left; [[Alois Vogt]], [[Otto Schaedler]], [[Josef Hoop]] and [[Ludwig Marxer]].|alt=A photograph of four prominent Liechtenstein politicians in 1938. Standing from the left are Alois Vogt, Otto Schaedler, Josef Hoop and Ludwig Marxer.]][/td] [td]Like most other countries at the time, Liechtenstein was subject to a rise in unemployment, decline in agriculture and collapse in industry as a result of the [[Great Depression]] starting from 1929.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |last2=Geiger |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter Geiger |last3=Mayr |first3=Ulrike |last4=Merz |first4=Anna |last5=Niederstätter |first5=Alois |last6=Quaderer |first6=Rupert |author-link6=Rupert Quaderer |date=31 December 2011 |title=Liechtenstein (Land) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Liechtenstein_(Land) |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Throughout the 1930s the country was dominated by the [[Progressive Citizens' Party]], including prime minister [[Josef Hoop]], who had been in office since 1928.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":013">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Geiger |date=31 December 2011 |title=Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959) |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Starting from 1933, Liechtenstein was faced with external and internal challenges from Nazi elements, notably the [[Rotter kidnapping]] and [[1937 Liechtenstein spy affair]]. It also saw the rise of authoritarian elements within the country, primarily the [[Liechtenstein Homeland Service]], which moved towards that of Nazism shortly after its founding in 1933, and then merged with the [[Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)|Christian-Social People's Party]] in 1936 to form the [[Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)|Patriotic Union]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Biedermann |first=Klaus |last2=Geiger |first2=Märten |last3=Ospelt-Geiger |first3=Barbara |date=31 December 2011 |title=Liechtensteiner Heimatdienst (LHD) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Liechtensteiner_Heimatdienst_(LHD) |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> On 30 March 1938, in the wake of the [[Anschluss|Anschluss of Austria]] and under the initiative of [[Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz Joseph II]], the Progressive Citizens' Party and opposition Patriotic Union formed a coalition government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Märzkrise |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Märzkrise?marker=1938 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Wilfred |date=31 December 2011 |title=Koalition |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Koalition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227215043/https://historisches-lexikon.li/Koalition |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> In the subsequent [[1939 Liechtenstein general election]] the two parties assigned a roughly equal amount of seats in the [[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Landtag]].<ref name=":032">{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Stille Wahl |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Stille_Wahl?marker=Wahl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907201601/https://historisches-lexikon.li/Stille_Wahl?marker=Wahl |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>[/td]
[td]Like most other countries at the time, Liechtenstein was subject to a rise in unemployment, decline in agriculture and collapse in industry as a result of the [[Great Depression]] starting from 1929.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |last2=Geiger |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter Geiger |last3=Mayr |first3=Ulrike |last4=Merz |first4=Anna |last5=Niederstätter |first5=Alois |last6=Quaderer |first6=Rupert |author-link6=Rupert Quaderer |date=31 December 2011 |title=Liechtenstein (Land) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Liechtenstein_(Land) |access-date=23 January 2025 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Throughout the 1930s the country was dominated by the [[Progressive Citizens' Party]], including prime minister [[Josef Hoop]], who had been in office since 1928.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":013">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Geiger |date=31 December 2011 |title=Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959) |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Starting from 1933, Liechtenstein was faced with external and internal challenges from Nazi elements, notably the [[Rotter kidnapping]] and [[1937 Liechtenstein spy affair]]. It also saw the rise of authoritarian elements within the country, primarily the [[Liechtenstein Homeland Service]], which moved towards that of Nazism shortly after its founding in 1933, and then merged with the [[Christian-Social People's Party (Liechtenstein)|Christian-Social People's Party]] in 1936 to form the [[Patriotic Union (Liechtenstein)|Patriotic Union]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Biedermann |first=Klaus |last2=Geiger |first2=Märten |last3=Ospelt-Geiger |first3=Barbara |date=31 December 2011 |title=Liechtensteiner Heimatdienst (LHD) |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Liechtensteiner_Heimatdienst_(LHD) |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> On 30 March 1938, in the wake of the [[Anschluss|Anschluss of Austria]] and under the initiative of [[Franz Joseph II, Prince of Liechtenstein|Franz Joseph II]], the Progressive Citizens' Party and opposition Patriotic Union formed a coalition government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Märzkrise |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Märzkrise?marker=1938 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":53">{{Cite web |last=Marxer |first=Wilfred |date=31 December 2011 |title=Koalition |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Koalition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227215043/https://historisches-lexikon.li/Koalition |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> In the subsequent [[1939 Liechtenstein general election]] the two parties assigned a roughly equal number of seats in the [[Landtag of Liechtenstein|Landtag]].<ref name=":032">{{Cite web |last=Büchel |first=Donat |date=31 December 2011 |title=Stille Wahl |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Stille_Wahl?marker=Wahl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907201601/https://historisches-lexikon.li/Stille_Wahl?marker=Wahl |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref>[/td] [td][[File:Franz_Josef_II_Berlin_1939.jpg|thumb|Franz Joseph II (centre) outside the [[Reich Chancellery]] in [[Berlin]] on 2 March 1939.]][/td]
[td][[File:Franz_Josef_II_Berlin_1939.jpg|thumb|Franz Joseph II (centre) outside the [[Reich Chancellery]] in [[Berlin]] on 2 March 1939.]][/td] [td]Around the same time as the coalition was made Nazi elements within Liechtenstein formed the [[German National Movement in Liechtenstein]] (VDBL), which sought Liechtenstein's annexation into Nazi Germany. Though there were plans for the [[Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle]] (an agency of the [[Nazi Party]]) to fund the party to be democratically elected to power in Liechtenstein with the goal of the eventual annexation of the country into Germany, they were blocked by [[Adolf Hitler]] personally due to his desire not to complicate relations with Switzerland.{{Sfn|Geiger|2007|pp=141–143}} From 2 to 3 March 1939, Franz Josef, Hoop and [[Alois Vogt]] paid an official visit to [[Berlin]] where they met Hitler and [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], where they discussed safeguarding Liechtenstein's independence and neutrality while maintaining good relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Prince Franz Josef II visits Adolf Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.liechtenstein-institut.li/news/furst-franz-josef-ii-besucht-adolf-hitler-berlin |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=[[Liechtenstein Institute]] |language=de}}</ref> Hitler met Franz Joseph II and Hoop for a thirty-minute meeting, but no negotiations occurred.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Peter |date=31 December 2011 |title=Hitler, Adolf |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Hitler,_Adolf?marker=Adolf+Hitler |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Franz Joseph II later reminisced on the visit and stated that Hitler showed little interest in them and that it only took place to "flatter Hitler's ego".<ref name=":422">{{Cite news |date=15 November 1989 |title=Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-15-mn-1750-story.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>[/td]
[td]Around the same time as the coalition was made Nazi elements within Liechtenstein formed the [[German National Movement in Liechtenstein]] (VDBL), which sought Liechtenstein's annexation into Nazi Germany. Though there were plans for the [[Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle]] (an agency of the [[Nazi Party]]) to fund the party to be democratically elected to power in Liechtenstein with the goal of the eventual annexation of the country into Germany, they were blocked by [[Adolf Hitler]] personally due to his desire not to complicate relations with Switzerland.{{Sfn|Geiger|2007|pp=141–143}} From 2 to 3 March 1939, Franz Josef, Hoop and [[Alois Vogt]] paid an official visit to [[Berlin]] where they met Hitler and [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]], where they discussed safeguarding Liechtenstein's independence and neutrality while maintaining good relations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2019 |title=Prince Franz Josef II visits Adolf Hitler in Berlin |url=https://www.liechtenstein-institut.li/news/furst-franz-josef-ii-besucht-adolf-hitler-berlin |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=[[Liechtenstein Institute]] |language=de}}</ref> Hitler met Franz Joseph II and Hoop for a thirty-minute meeting, but no negotiations occurred.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Geiger |first=Peter |date=31 December 2011 |title=Hitler, Adolf |url=https://historisches-lexikon.li/Hitler,_Adolf?marker=Adolf+Hitler |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=[[Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein]] |language=de}}</ref> Franz Joseph II later reminisced on the visit and stated that Hitler showed little interest in them and that it only took place to "flatter Hitler's ego".<ref name=":422">{{Cite news |date=15 November 1989 |title=Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-11-15-mn-1750-story.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>[/td]
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