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"Suggestion School of Hypnosis" at Nancy (fl.1864—1907)
[td]The first to associate himself with the experiments, principles, and practices of Liébeault was Liégeois, from the Nancy University's faculty of Law, "who had learned of Liébeault's practices by chance, and whose scientific curiosity had led him there",<ref name="Bern Speech">See Berheim's remarks at the 1909 unveiling of the Liégeois monument in Bains-les-Bains ('''AN.1'''), in which he spoke of Liégeois, himself, and Beaunis establishing the "triple control" of Liébeault's "new doctrine": namely, the "therapeutic, legal, and physiological control".</ref> then, a little later, came the initially sceptical [[Neurology|neurologist]] and physician, Prof. [[Hippolyte Bernheim]] (1840–1919), also from Nancy University, who had also learned of Liébeault's practices by chance,<ref name="Bern Speech" /> and, finally, initially persuaded by Bernheim, came the Nancy Umiversity's [[Physiology|physiologist]] Prof. [[Henri-Étienne Beaunis]] (1830–1921),<ref name="Bern Speech" /> who had held the chair of Physiology at Nancy University ever since the University had moved from Strasbourg to Nancy in 1872.<ref>Nicolase & Ferrand (2002), p. 1.</ref><ref>Beaunis published his first work on the physiology of the brain and physiological psychology in 1884 (Beaunis, 1884).<br>He published a summary of his hypnotism-centred research within the Nancy group in 1886 (Beaunis, 1886). He believed that hypnotism offered a valuable experimental method for philosophers, the value of which was equal to that of [[vivisection]] to the physiologist ("''L'hypnotisme constitue, en effet, ... une véritable méthode expérimentale; elle sera pour le philosophe ce que la vivisection est pour le physiologiste''" (Beaunis, 1886, p. 115).</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]In addition to their extensive personal experience of the successful hypnotization of a wide range of subjects in a wide range of circumstances, <ref>For instance, by 1897, Bernheim had already hypnotized "several hundred people", and Liébeault "[had] hypnotized more than six thousand persons during the [preceding] twenty-five years" (Bernheim, 1889, p. 90).</ref> and their practical and theoretical studies of the phenomena of hypnotism and hypnotic suggestion in general, the members of the Nancy School also investigated the medical and legal aspects of their application:<ref>See, for instance, "The Nancy School 1882-1892", at Gauld (1992, pp. 319-362); and also Klein (2010).</ref> with Berheim concentrating on their therapeutic aspects, Liégeois on their (civil and criminal) legal aspects, and Beaunis on their physiological and psychological aspects.<ref name="N&F2002E">Nicolas & Ferrand (2002), p. 2.</ref><ref>According to [[Serge Nicolas]], who had access to parts of Beaunis' ''Mémoires'', Beaunis had stressed "that Liebault, Bernheim, Liegeois, and himself agreed on only two points. The first point concerned the unreality of the phenomenon described by Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) and the school of the Salpêtrière. This phenomenon was due only to unconscious suggestion. The second point concerned the great powers of suggestion and its use in therapeutics. They disagreed on all other points." (Nicolas & Ferrand, 2002, p. 2).</ref>[/td]
[td]In addition to their extensive personal experience of the successful hypnotization of a wide range of subjects in a wide range of circumstances,<ref>For instance, by 1897, Bernheim had already hypnotized "several hundred people", and Liébeault "[had] hypnotized more than six thousand persons during the [preceding] twenty-five years" (Bernheim, 1889, p. 90).</ref> and their practical and theoretical studies of the phenomena of hypnotism and hypnotic suggestion in general, the members of the Nancy School also investigated the medical and legal aspects of their application:<ref>See, for instance, "The Nancy School 1882-1892", at Gauld (1992, pp. 319-362); and also Klein (2010).</ref> with Berheim concentrating on their therapeutic aspects, Liégeois on their (civil and criminal) legal aspects, and Beaunis on their physiological and psychological aspects.<ref name="N&F2002E">Nicolas & Ferrand (2002), p. 2.</ref><ref>According to [[Serge Nicolas]], who had access to parts of Beaunis' ''Mémoires'', Beaunis had stressed "that Liebault, Bernheim, Liegeois, and himself agreed on only two points. The first point concerned the unreality of the phenomenon described by Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) and the school of the Salpêtrière. This phenomenon was due only to unconscious suggestion. The second point concerned the great powers of suggestion and its use in therapeutics. They disagreed on all other points." (Nicolas & Ferrand, 2002, p. 2).</ref>[/td] [td]<!--[/td] [td]===Imagination===[/td] [td]At the time of their (1784) investigations, the two [[Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism|Royal Commissions on Animal Magnetism]] {{em-dash}} one involving a committee from the [[University of Paris#Faculties|Paris Faculty of Medicine)]] and the [[French Academy of Sciences|French Royal Academy of Sciences]], the other a committee from the [[Paris Society of Medicine#Historical background|Royal Society of Medicine of Paris]] {{em-dash}} independently concluded that[/td] [td]-->[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]==Liégeois, hypnotism and suggestion==[/td]
[td]==Liégeois, hypnotism and suggestion==[/td]
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[td]The first to associate himself with the experiments, principles, and practices of Liébeault was Liégeois, from the Nancy University's faculty of Law, "who had learned of Liébeault's practices by chance, and whose scientific curiosity had led him there",<ref name="Bern Speech">See Berheim's remarks at the 1909 unveiling of the Liégeois monument in Bains-les-Bains ('''AN.1'''), in which he spoke of Liégeois, himself, and Beaunis establishing the "triple control" of Liébeault's "new doctrine": namely, the "therapeutic, legal, and physiological control".</ref> then, a little later, came the initially sceptical [[Neurology|neurologist]] and physician, Prof. [[Hippolyte Bernheim]] (1840–1919), also from Nancy University, who had also learned of Liébeault's practices by chance,<ref name="Bern Speech" /> and, finally, initially persuaded by Bernheim, came the Nancy Umiversity's [[Physiology|physiologist]] Prof. [[Henri-Étienne Beaunis]] (1830–1921),<ref name="Bern Speech" /> who had held the chair of Physiology at Nancy University ever since the University had moved from Strasbourg to Nancy in 1872.<ref>Nicolase & Ferrand (2002), p. 1.</ref><ref>Beaunis published his first work on the physiology of the brain and physiological psychology in 1884 (Beaunis, 1884).<br>He published a summary of his hypnotism-centred research within the Nancy group in 1886 (Beaunis, 1886). He believed that hypnotism offered a valuable experimental method for philosophers, the value of which was equal to that of [[vivisection]] to the physiologist ("''L'hypnotisme constitue, en effet, ... une véritable méthode expérimentale; elle sera pour le philosophe ce que la vivisection est pour le physiologiste''" (Beaunis, 1886, p. 115).</ref>[/td]Revision as of 06:19, 5 September 2025
[/td][td]The first to associate himself with the experiments, principles, and practices of Liébeault was Liégeois, from the Nancy University's faculty of Law, "who had learned of Liébeault's practices by chance, and whose scientific curiosity had led him there",<ref name="Bern Speech">See Berheim's remarks at the 1909 unveiling of the Liégeois monument in Bains-les-Bains ('''AN.1'''), in which he spoke of Liégeois, himself, and Beaunis establishing the "triple control" of Liébeault's "new doctrine": namely, the "therapeutic, legal, and physiological control".</ref> then, a little later, came the initially sceptical [[Neurology|neurologist]] and physician, Prof. [[Hippolyte Bernheim]] (1840–1919), also from Nancy University, who had also learned of Liébeault's practices by chance,<ref name="Bern Speech" /> and, finally, initially persuaded by Bernheim, came the Nancy Umiversity's [[Physiology|physiologist]] Prof. [[Henri-Étienne Beaunis]] (1830–1921),<ref name="Bern Speech" /> who had held the chair of Physiology at Nancy University ever since the University had moved from Strasbourg to Nancy in 1872.<ref>Nicolase & Ferrand (2002), p. 1.</ref><ref>Beaunis published his first work on the physiology of the brain and physiological psychology in 1884 (Beaunis, 1884).<br>He published a summary of his hypnotism-centred research within the Nancy group in 1886 (Beaunis, 1886). He believed that hypnotism offered a valuable experimental method for philosophers, the value of which was equal to that of [[vivisection]] to the physiologist ("''L'hypnotisme constitue, en effet, ... une véritable méthode expérimentale; elle sera pour le philosophe ce que la vivisection est pour le physiologiste''" (Beaunis, 1886, p. 115).</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]In addition to their extensive personal experience of the successful hypnotization of a wide range of subjects in a wide range of circumstances, <ref>For instance, by 1897, Bernheim had already hypnotized "several hundred people", and Liébeault "[had] hypnotized more than six thousand persons during the [preceding] twenty-five years" (Bernheim, 1889, p. 90).</ref> and their practical and theoretical studies of the phenomena of hypnotism and hypnotic suggestion in general, the members of the Nancy School also investigated the medical and legal aspects of their application:<ref>See, for instance, "The Nancy School 1882-1892", at Gauld (1992, pp. 319-362); and also Klein (2010).</ref> with Berheim concentrating on their therapeutic aspects, Liégeois on their (civil and criminal) legal aspects, and Beaunis on their physiological and psychological aspects.<ref name="N&F2002E">Nicolas & Ferrand (2002), p. 2.</ref><ref>According to [[Serge Nicolas]], who had access to parts of Beaunis' ''Mémoires'', Beaunis had stressed "that Liebault, Bernheim, Liegeois, and himself agreed on only two points. The first point concerned the unreality of the phenomenon described by Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) and the school of the Salpêtrière. This phenomenon was due only to unconscious suggestion. The second point concerned the great powers of suggestion and its use in therapeutics. They disagreed on all other points." (Nicolas & Ferrand, 2002, p. 2).</ref>[/td]
[td]In addition to their extensive personal experience of the successful hypnotization of a wide range of subjects in a wide range of circumstances,<ref>For instance, by 1897, Bernheim had already hypnotized "several hundred people", and Liébeault "[had] hypnotized more than six thousand persons during the [preceding] twenty-five years" (Bernheim, 1889, p. 90).</ref> and their practical and theoretical studies of the phenomena of hypnotism and hypnotic suggestion in general, the members of the Nancy School also investigated the medical and legal aspects of their application:<ref>See, for instance, "The Nancy School 1882-1892", at Gauld (1992, pp. 319-362); and also Klein (2010).</ref> with Berheim concentrating on their therapeutic aspects, Liégeois on their (civil and criminal) legal aspects, and Beaunis on their physiological and psychological aspects.<ref name="N&F2002E">Nicolas & Ferrand (2002), p. 2.</ref><ref>According to [[Serge Nicolas]], who had access to parts of Beaunis' ''Mémoires'', Beaunis had stressed "that Liebault, Bernheim, Liegeois, and himself agreed on only two points. The first point concerned the unreality of the phenomenon described by Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) and the school of the Salpêtrière. This phenomenon was due only to unconscious suggestion. The second point concerned the great powers of suggestion and its use in therapeutics. They disagreed on all other points." (Nicolas & Ferrand, 2002, p. 2).</ref>[/td] [td]<!--[/td] [td]===Imagination===[/td] [td]At the time of their (1784) investigations, the two [[Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism|Royal Commissions on Animal Magnetism]] {{em-dash}} one involving a committee from the [[University of Paris#Faculties|Paris Faculty of Medicine)]] and the [[French Academy of Sciences|French Royal Academy of Sciences]], the other a committee from the [[Paris Society of Medicine#Historical background|Royal Society of Medicine of Paris]] {{em-dash}} independently concluded that[/td] [td]-->[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]==Liégeois, hypnotism and suggestion==[/td]
[td]==Liégeois, hypnotism and suggestion==[/td]
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