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[td]}}[/td] [td]{{Transgender sidebar|medicine}}[/td]
[td]{{Transgender sidebar|medicine}}[/td] [td]'''Gender dysphoria''' ('''GD''') is the distress a person experiences due to inconsistency between their [[gender identity]]{{emdash}}their personal sense of their own [[gender]]{{emdash}}and their [[sex assignment|sex assigned at birth]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Human Rights Campaign |author-link=Human Rights Campaign |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions |url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |access-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015112...d-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MorrowMessinger">{{cite book |veditors=Morrow DF, Messinger L |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people |date=2006 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-50186-6 |page=8 |quote=Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as masculine or feminine, or some combination thereof.}}</ref> The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of '''gender identity disorder''' ('''GID''')<!--NOTE: Per WP:Alternative title, the term should be bolded somewhere in the lead.--> in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual [[DSM-5]]. The condition was renamed to remove the [[Stigmatization|stigma]] associated with the term ''disorder''.<ref>{{harvnb|DSM-5 fact sheet|2013}}: "DSM-5 aims to avoid stigma and ensure clinical care for individuals who see and feel themselves to be a different gender than their assigned gender. It replaces the diagnostic name 'gender identity disorder' with 'gender dysphoria', as well as makes other important clarifications in the criteria."</ref> The [[International Classification of Diseases]] uses the term '''gender incongruence''' ('''GI''') instead of ''gender dysphoria'', defined as a marked and persistent mismatch between gender identity and assigned gender, regardless of distress or impairment. Not all [[transgender]] people have gender dysphoria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Understanding transgender people, gender identity and gender expression |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.apa.org |archive-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023072...nder-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Russo">{{cite book |vauthors=Russo J, Coker JK, King JH |title=DSM-5ยฎ and Family Systems |year=2017 |page=352 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing Company]] |isbn=978-0826183996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JfvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352 |quote=People meeting criteria for Gender Dysphoria most often identify themselves as trans or transgender. ''Trans'' or ''transgender'' can be used as umbrella terms to include the broad spectrum of persons whose gender identity differs from the assigned gender (APA, 2013). |access-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2021041...ooks?id=0JfvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gender nonconformity]] is not the same thing as gender dysphoria<ref name="What Is">{{cite web |first=Ranna |last=Parekh |title=What Is Gender Dysphoria? |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria |access-date=November 20, 2018 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Publishing]] |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2020011...ies/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria |url-status=live}}</ref> and does not always lead to dysphoria or distress.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Professional Association for Transgender Health]] (WPATH) |url=https://www.wpath.org/publications/soc |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015081...140/files/Standards of Care, V7 Full Book.pdf |archive-date=August 14, 2015 |edition=ver. 7 |quote=5 ("only ''some'' gender nonconforming people experience gender dysphoria at ''some'' point in their lives".)}}</ref> In pre-pubertal youth, the diagnoses are [[gender dysphoria in children|gender dysphoria in childhood]] and [[gender incongruence of childhood]].[/td]
[td]'''Gender dysphoria''' ('''GD''') is the distress a person experiences due to inconsistency between their [[gender identity]]{{emdash}}their personal sense of their own [[gender]]{{emdash}}and their [[sex assignment|sex assigned at birth]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Human Rights Campaign |author-link=Human Rights Campaign |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions |url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |access-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015112...d-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MorrowMessinger">{{cite book |veditors=Morrow DF, Messinger L |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people |date=2006 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-50186-6 |page=8 |quote=Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as masculine or feminine, or some combination thereof.}}</ref> The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of '''gender identity disorder''' ('''GID''')<!--NOTE: Per WP:Alternative title, the term should be bolded somewhere in the lead.--> in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual [[DSM-5]]. The condition was renamed to remove the [[Stigmatization|stigma]] associated with the term ''disorder''.<ref>{{harvnb|DSM-5 fact sheet|2013}}: "DSM-5 aims to avoid stigma and ensure clinical care for individuals who see and feel themselves to be a different gender than their assigned gender. It replaces the diagnostic name 'gender identity disorder' with 'gender dysphoria', as well as makes other important clarifications in the criteria."</ref> The [[International Classification of Diseases]] uses the term '''gender incongruence''' ('''GI''') instead of ''gender dysphoria'', defined as a marked and persistent mismatch between gender identity and assigned gender, regardless of distress or impairment.[/td] [td]Not all [[transgender]] people have gender dysphoria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Understanding transgender people, gender identity and gender expression |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.apa.org |archive-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023072...nder-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Russo">{{cite book |vauthors=Russo J, Coker JK, King JH |title=DSM-5ยฎ and Family Systems |year=2017 |page=352 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing Company]] |isbn=978-0826183996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JfvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352 |quote=People meeting criteria for Gender Dysphoria most often identify themselves as trans or transgender. ''Trans'' or ''transgender'' can be used as umbrella terms to include the broad spectrum of persons whose gender identity differs from the assigned gender (APA, 2013). |access-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2021041...ooks?id=0JfvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gender nonconformity]] is not the same thing as gender dysphoria<ref name="What Is">{{cite web |first=Ranna |last=Parekh |title=What Is Gender Dysphoria? |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria |access-date=November 20, 2018 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Publishing]] |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2020011...ies/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria |url-status=live}}</ref> and does not always lead to dysphoria or distress.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Professional Association for Transgender Health]] (WPATH) |url=https://www.wpath.org/publications/soc |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015081...140/files/Standards of Care, V7 Full Book.pdf |archive-date=August 14, 2015 |edition=ver. 7 |quote=5 ("only ''some'' gender nonconforming people experience gender dysphoria at ''some'' point in their lives".)}}</ref> In pre-pubertal youth, the diagnoses are [[gender dysphoria in children|gender dysphoria in childhood]] and [[gender incongruence of childhood]].[/td] [td]The [[causes of gender incongruence]] are unknown but a gender identity likely reflects genetic, biological, environmental, and cultural factors.<ref name="heylens et al">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, T'Sjoen G |display-authors=6 |title=Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature |journal=[[Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=751โ757 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22146048 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1974611/file/6763837 |quote=Of 23 [[Twin#Monozygotic (identical) twins|monozygotic]] female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 sameโsex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (Pโ=โ0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID. |author3-link=Kenneth Zucker |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-02-28 |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228022940/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1974611/file/6763837 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="diamond-2013">{{cite journal |last=Diamond |first=Milton |author-link=Milton Diamond |year=2013 |title=Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=24โ38 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2013.750222 |quote=Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.|s2cid=144330783}}</ref><ref name="Rosenthal-2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenthal SM |title=Approach to the patient: transgender youth: endocrine considerations |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism]] |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=4379โ4389 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25140398 |doi=10.1210/jc.2014-1919 |doi-access=free}}</ref>[/td]
[td]The [[causes of gender incongruence]] are unknown but a gender identity likely reflects genetic, biological, environmental, and cultural factors.<ref name="heylens et al">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, T'Sjoen G |display-authors=6 |title=Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature |journal=[[Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=751โ757 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22146048 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1974611/file/6763837 |quote=Of 23 [[Twin#Monozygotic (identical) twins|monozygotic]] female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 sameโsex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (Pโ=โ0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID. |author3-link=Kenneth Zucker |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-02-28 |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228022940/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1974611/file/6763837 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="diamond-2013">{{cite journal |last=Diamond |first=Milton |author-link=Milton Diamond |year=2013 |title=Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=24โ38 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2013.750222 |quote=Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.|s2cid=144330783}}</ref><ref name="Rosenthal-2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenthal SM |title=Approach to the patient: transgender youth: endocrine considerations |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism]] |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=4379โ4389 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25140398 |doi=10.1210/jc.2014-1919 |doi-access=free}}</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
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[td]}}[/td]Revision as of 07:00, 1 September 2025
[/td][td]}}[/td] [td]{{Transgender sidebar|medicine}}[/td]
[td]{{Transgender sidebar|medicine}}[/td] [td]'''Gender dysphoria''' ('''GD''') is the distress a person experiences due to inconsistency between their [[gender identity]]{{emdash}}their personal sense of their own [[gender]]{{emdash}}and their [[sex assignment|sex assigned at birth]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Human Rights Campaign |author-link=Human Rights Campaign |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions |url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |access-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015112...d-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MorrowMessinger">{{cite book |veditors=Morrow DF, Messinger L |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people |date=2006 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-50186-6 |page=8 |quote=Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as masculine or feminine, or some combination thereof.}}</ref> The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of '''gender identity disorder''' ('''GID''')<!--NOTE: Per WP:Alternative title, the term should be bolded somewhere in the lead.--> in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual [[DSM-5]]. The condition was renamed to remove the [[Stigmatization|stigma]] associated with the term ''disorder''.<ref>{{harvnb|DSM-5 fact sheet|2013}}: "DSM-5 aims to avoid stigma and ensure clinical care for individuals who see and feel themselves to be a different gender than their assigned gender. It replaces the diagnostic name 'gender identity disorder' with 'gender dysphoria', as well as makes other important clarifications in the criteria."</ref> The [[International Classification of Diseases]] uses the term '''gender incongruence''' ('''GI''') instead of ''gender dysphoria'', defined as a marked and persistent mismatch between gender identity and assigned gender, regardless of distress or impairment. Not all [[transgender]] people have gender dysphoria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Understanding transgender people, gender identity and gender expression |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.apa.org |archive-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023072...nder-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Russo">{{cite book |vauthors=Russo J, Coker JK, King JH |title=DSM-5ยฎ and Family Systems |year=2017 |page=352 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing Company]] |isbn=978-0826183996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JfvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352 |quote=People meeting criteria for Gender Dysphoria most often identify themselves as trans or transgender. ''Trans'' or ''transgender'' can be used as umbrella terms to include the broad spectrum of persons whose gender identity differs from the assigned gender (APA, 2013). |access-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2021041...ooks?id=0JfvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gender nonconformity]] is not the same thing as gender dysphoria<ref name="What Is">{{cite web |first=Ranna |last=Parekh |title=What Is Gender Dysphoria? |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria |access-date=November 20, 2018 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Publishing]] |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2020011...ies/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria |url-status=live}}</ref> and does not always lead to dysphoria or distress.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Professional Association for Transgender Health]] (WPATH) |url=https://www.wpath.org/publications/soc |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015081...140/files/Standards of Care, V7 Full Book.pdf |archive-date=August 14, 2015 |edition=ver. 7 |quote=5 ("only ''some'' gender nonconforming people experience gender dysphoria at ''some'' point in their lives".)}}</ref> In pre-pubertal youth, the diagnoses are [[gender dysphoria in children|gender dysphoria in childhood]] and [[gender incongruence of childhood]].[/td]
[td]'''Gender dysphoria''' ('''GD''') is the distress a person experiences due to inconsistency between their [[gender identity]]{{emdash}}their personal sense of their own [[gender]]{{emdash}}and their [[sex assignment|sex assigned at birth]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Human Rights Campaign |author-link=Human Rights Campaign |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions |url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |access-date=June 13, 2021 |archive-date=November 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015112...d-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MorrowMessinger">{{cite book |veditors=Morrow DF, Messinger L |title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression in Social Work Practice: working with gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people |date=2006 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-50186-6 |page=8 |quote=Gender identity refers to an individual's personal sense of identity as masculine or feminine, or some combination thereof.}}</ref> The term replaced the previous diagnostic label of '''gender identity disorder''' ('''GID''')<!--NOTE: Per WP:Alternative title, the term should be bolded somewhere in the lead.--> in 2013 with the release of the diagnostic manual [[DSM-5]]. The condition was renamed to remove the [[Stigmatization|stigma]] associated with the term ''disorder''.<ref>{{harvnb|DSM-5 fact sheet|2013}}: "DSM-5 aims to avoid stigma and ensure clinical care for individuals who see and feel themselves to be a different gender than their assigned gender. It replaces the diagnostic name 'gender identity disorder' with 'gender dysphoria', as well as makes other important clarifications in the criteria."</ref> The [[International Classification of Diseases]] uses the term '''gender incongruence''' ('''GI''') instead of ''gender dysphoria'', defined as a marked and persistent mismatch between gender identity and assigned gender, regardless of distress or impairment.[/td] [td]Not all [[transgender]] people have gender dysphoria.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Understanding transgender people, gender identity and gender expression |url=https://www.apa.org/topics/lgbtq/transgender-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=www.apa.org |archive-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2023072...nder-people-gender-identity-gender-expression |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Russo">{{cite book |vauthors=Russo J, Coker JK, King JH |title=DSM-5ยฎ and Family Systems |year=2017 |page=352 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing Company]] |isbn=978-0826183996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JfvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352 |quote=People meeting criteria for Gender Dysphoria most often identify themselves as trans or transgender. ''Trans'' or ''transgender'' can be used as umbrella terms to include the broad spectrum of persons whose gender identity differs from the assigned gender (APA, 2013). |access-date=December 3, 2020 |archive-date=April 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2021041...ooks?id=0JfvDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Gender nonconformity]] is not the same thing as gender dysphoria<ref name="What Is">{{cite web |first=Ranna |last=Parekh |title=What Is Gender Dysphoria? |url=https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria |access-date=November 20, 2018 |publisher=[[American Psychiatric Publishing]] |archive-date=January 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2020011...ies/gender-dysphoria/what-is-gender-dysphoria |url-status=live}}</ref> and does not always lead to dysphoria or distress.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[World Professional Association for Transgender Health]] (WPATH) |url=https://www.wpath.org/publications/soc |title=Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2015081...140/files/Standards of Care, V7 Full Book.pdf |archive-date=August 14, 2015 |edition=ver. 7 |quote=5 ("only ''some'' gender nonconforming people experience gender dysphoria at ''some'' point in their lives".)}}</ref> In pre-pubertal youth, the diagnoses are [[gender dysphoria in children|gender dysphoria in childhood]] and [[gender incongruence of childhood]].[/td] [td]The [[causes of gender incongruence]] are unknown but a gender identity likely reflects genetic, biological, environmental, and cultural factors.<ref name="heylens et al">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, T'Sjoen G |display-authors=6 |title=Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature |journal=[[Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=751โ757 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22146048 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1974611/file/6763837 |quote=Of 23 [[Twin#Monozygotic (identical) twins|monozygotic]] female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 sameโsex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (Pโ=โ0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID. |author3-link=Kenneth Zucker |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-02-28 |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228022940/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1974611/file/6763837 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="diamond-2013">{{cite journal |last=Diamond |first=Milton |author-link=Milton Diamond |year=2013 |title=Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=24โ38 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2013.750222 |quote=Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.|s2cid=144330783}}</ref><ref name="Rosenthal-2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenthal SM |title=Approach to the patient: transgender youth: endocrine considerations |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism]] |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=4379โ4389 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25140398 |doi=10.1210/jc.2014-1919 |doi-access=free}}</ref>[/td]
[td]The [[causes of gender incongruence]] are unknown but a gender identity likely reflects genetic, biological, environmental, and cultural factors.<ref name="heylens et al">{{cite journal |vauthors=Heylens G, De Cuypere G, Zucker KJ, Schelfaut C, Elaut E, Vanden Bossche H, De Baere E, T'Sjoen G |display-authors=6 |title=Gender identity disorder in twins: a review of the case report literature |journal=[[Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=751โ757 |date=March 2012 |pmid=22146048 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02567.x |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1974611/file/6763837 |quote=Of 23 [[Twin#Monozygotic (identical) twins|monozygotic]] female and male twins, nine (39.1%) were concordant for GID; in contrast, none of the 21 sameโsex dizygotic female and male twins were concordant for GID, a statistically significant difference (Pโ=โ0.005)... These findings suggest a role for genetic factors in the development of GID. |author3-link=Kenneth Zucker |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-02-28 |access-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228022940/https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1974611/file/6763837 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="diamond-2013">{{cite journal |last=Diamond |first=Milton |author-link=Milton Diamond |year=2013 |title=Transsexuality Among Twins: Identity Concordance, Transition, Rearing, and Orientation |journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]] |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=24โ38 |doi=10.1080/15532739.2013.750222 |quote=Combining data from the present survey with those from past-published reports, 20% of all male and female monozygotic twin pairs were found concordant for transsexual identity... The responses of our twins relative to their rearing, along with our findings regarding some of their experiences during childhood and adolescence show their identity was much more influenced by their genetics than their rearing.|s2cid=144330783}}</ref><ref name="Rosenthal-2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rosenthal SM |title=Approach to the patient: transgender youth: endocrine considerations |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism]] |volume=99 |issue=12 |pages=4379โ4389 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25140398 |doi=10.1210/jc.2014-1919 |doi-access=free}}</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
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