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Neutrality
[td]==Foreign affairs==[/td] [td]===Neutrality===[/td]
[td]===Neutrality===[/td] [td]International affairs, especially the [[French Revolution]] and the subsequent war between Britain and France, decisively shaped American politics in 1793β1800, and threatened to entangle the nation in potentially devastating wars.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|loc=ch 8; Sharp, p. 70 for quote}}</ref> Britain joined the [[War of the First Coalition]] after the 1793 execution of King [[Louis XVI of France]]. Louis XVI had been decisive in helping America achieve independence, and his death horrified many in the United States. Federalists warned that American republicans threatened to replicate the excesses of the French Revolution, and successfully mobilized most conservatives and many clergymen. The Democratic-Republicans, many of whom were strong Francophiles, largely supported the French Revolution. Some of these leaders began backing away from support of the Revolution during the [[Reign of Terror]], but they continued to favor the French over the British.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=314β16}} on Jefferson's favorable responses.</ref> The Republicans denounced Hamilton, Adams, and even Washington as friends of Britain, as secret [[monarchism|monarchists]], and as enemies of the republican values.<ref>Marshall Smelser, "The Federalist Period as an Age of Passion," ''American Quarterly'' 10 (Winter 1958), 391β459.</ref><ref name = "Smelser">Smelser, "The Jacobin Phrenzy: Federalism and the Menace of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," ''Review of Politics'' 13 (1951) 457β82.</ref>[/td]
[td]International affairs, especially the [[French Revolution]] and the subsequent war between Britain and France, decisively shaped American politics in 1793β1800, and threatened to entangle the nation in potentially devastating wars.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|loc=ch 8; Sharp, p. 70 for quote}}</ref> Britain joined the [[War of the First Coalition]] after the 1793 [[execution of Louis XVI]], the King of France. [[Louis XVI]] had been decisive in helping America achieve independence, and his death horrified many in the United States. Federalists warned that American republicans threatened to replicate the excesses of the French Revolution, and successfully mobilized most conservatives and many clergymen. The Democratic-Republicans, many of whom were strong Francophiles, largely supported the French Revolution. Some of these leaders began backing away from support of the Revolution during the [[Reign of Terror]], but they continued to favor the French over the British.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=314β16}} on Jefferson's favorable responses.</ref> The Republicans denounced Hamilton, Adams, and even Washington as friends of Britain, as secret [[monarchism|monarchists]], and as enemies of the republican values.<ref>Marshall Smelser, "The Federalist Period as an Age of Passion," ''American Quarterly'' 10 (Winter 1958), 391β459.</ref><ref name = "Smelser">Smelser, "The Jacobin Phrenzy: Federalism and the Menace of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," ''Review of Politics'' 13 (1951) 457β82.</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]In 1793, French ambassador [[Edmond Charles GenΓͺt]] (known as ''Citizen GenΓͺt'') arrived in the United States. He systematically mobilized pro-French sentiment and encouraged Americans to support France's war against Britain and Spain. GenΓͺt funded local [[Democratic-Republican Societies]] that attacked Federalists.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=451β61}}</ref> He hoped for a favorable new treaty and for repayment of the debts owed to France. Acting aggressively, GenΓͺt outfitted privateers that sailed with American crews under a French flag and attacked British shipping. He tried to organize expeditions of Americans to invade Spanish Louisiana and Spanish Florida. When Secretary of State Jefferson told GenΓͺt he was pushing American friendship past the limit, GenΓͺt threatened to go over the government's head and rouse public opinion on behalf of France. Even Jefferson agreed this was blatant foreign interference in domestic politics. GenΓͺt's extremism seriously embarrassed the Jeffersonians and cooled popular support for promoting the French Revolution and getting involved in its wars. Recalled to Paris for execution, GenΓͺt kept his head and instead went to New York, where he became a citizen and married the daughter of Governor Clinton.<ref>Eugene R. Sheridan, "The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy". ''Diplomatic History'' 18#4 (1994), 463β68.</ref> Jefferson left office, ending the coalition cabinet and allowing the Federalists to dominate.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=330β65}}</ref>[/td]
[td]In 1793, French ambassador [[Edmond Charles GenΓͺt]] (known as ''Citizen GenΓͺt'') arrived in the United States. He systematically mobilized pro-French sentiment and encouraged Americans to support France's war against Britain and Spain. GenΓͺt funded local [[Democratic-Republican Societies]] that attacked Federalists.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=451β61}}</ref> He hoped for a favorable new treaty and for repayment of the debts owed to France. Acting aggressively, GenΓͺt outfitted privateers that sailed with American crews under a French flag and attacked British shipping. He tried to organize expeditions of Americans to invade Spanish Louisiana and Spanish Florida. When Secretary of State Jefferson told GenΓͺt he was pushing American friendship past the limit, GenΓͺt threatened to go over the government's head and rouse public opinion on behalf of France. Even Jefferson agreed this was blatant foreign interference in domestic politics. GenΓͺt's extremism seriously embarrassed the Jeffersonians and cooled popular support for promoting the French Revolution and getting involved in its wars. Recalled to Paris for execution, GenΓͺt kept his head and instead went to New York, where he became a citizen and married the daughter of Governor Clinton.<ref>Eugene R. Sheridan, "The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy". ''Diplomatic History'' 18#4 (1994), 463β68.</ref> Jefferson left office, ending the coalition cabinet and allowing the Federalists to dominate.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=330β65}}</ref>[/td]
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[td]==Foreign affairs==[/td]Revision as of 07:39, 30 August 2025
[/td][td]==Foreign affairs==[/td] [td]===Neutrality===[/td]
[td]===Neutrality===[/td] [td]International affairs, especially the [[French Revolution]] and the subsequent war between Britain and France, decisively shaped American politics in 1793β1800, and threatened to entangle the nation in potentially devastating wars.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|loc=ch 8; Sharp, p. 70 for quote}}</ref> Britain joined the [[War of the First Coalition]] after the 1793 execution of King [[Louis XVI of France]]. Louis XVI had been decisive in helping America achieve independence, and his death horrified many in the United States. Federalists warned that American republicans threatened to replicate the excesses of the French Revolution, and successfully mobilized most conservatives and many clergymen. The Democratic-Republicans, many of whom were strong Francophiles, largely supported the French Revolution. Some of these leaders began backing away from support of the Revolution during the [[Reign of Terror]], but they continued to favor the French over the British.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=314β16}} on Jefferson's favorable responses.</ref> The Republicans denounced Hamilton, Adams, and even Washington as friends of Britain, as secret [[monarchism|monarchists]], and as enemies of the republican values.<ref>Marshall Smelser, "The Federalist Period as an Age of Passion," ''American Quarterly'' 10 (Winter 1958), 391β459.</ref><ref name = "Smelser">Smelser, "The Jacobin Phrenzy: Federalism and the Menace of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," ''Review of Politics'' 13 (1951) 457β82.</ref>[/td]
[td]International affairs, especially the [[French Revolution]] and the subsequent war between Britain and France, decisively shaped American politics in 1793β1800, and threatened to entangle the nation in potentially devastating wars.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|loc=ch 8; Sharp, p. 70 for quote}}</ref> Britain joined the [[War of the First Coalition]] after the 1793 [[execution of Louis XVI]], the King of France. [[Louis XVI]] had been decisive in helping America achieve independence, and his death horrified many in the United States. Federalists warned that American republicans threatened to replicate the excesses of the French Revolution, and successfully mobilized most conservatives and many clergymen. The Democratic-Republicans, many of whom were strong Francophiles, largely supported the French Revolution. Some of these leaders began backing away from support of the Revolution during the [[Reign of Terror]], but they continued to favor the French over the British.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=314β16}} on Jefferson's favorable responses.</ref> The Republicans denounced Hamilton, Adams, and even Washington as friends of Britain, as secret [[monarchism|monarchists]], and as enemies of the republican values.<ref>Marshall Smelser, "The Federalist Period as an Age of Passion," ''American Quarterly'' 10 (Winter 1958), 391β459.</ref><ref name = "Smelser">Smelser, "The Jacobin Phrenzy: Federalism and the Menace of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," ''Review of Politics'' 13 (1951) 457β82.</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]In 1793, French ambassador [[Edmond Charles GenΓͺt]] (known as ''Citizen GenΓͺt'') arrived in the United States. He systematically mobilized pro-French sentiment and encouraged Americans to support France's war against Britain and Spain. GenΓͺt funded local [[Democratic-Republican Societies]] that attacked Federalists.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=451β61}}</ref> He hoped for a favorable new treaty and for repayment of the debts owed to France. Acting aggressively, GenΓͺt outfitted privateers that sailed with American crews under a French flag and attacked British shipping. He tried to organize expeditions of Americans to invade Spanish Louisiana and Spanish Florida. When Secretary of State Jefferson told GenΓͺt he was pushing American friendship past the limit, GenΓͺt threatened to go over the government's head and rouse public opinion on behalf of France. Even Jefferson agreed this was blatant foreign interference in domestic politics. GenΓͺt's extremism seriously embarrassed the Jeffersonians and cooled popular support for promoting the French Revolution and getting involved in its wars. Recalled to Paris for execution, GenΓͺt kept his head and instead went to New York, where he became a citizen and married the daughter of Governor Clinton.<ref>Eugene R. Sheridan, "The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy". ''Diplomatic History'' 18#4 (1994), 463β68.</ref> Jefferson left office, ending the coalition cabinet and allowing the Federalists to dominate.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=330β65}}</ref>[/td]
[td]In 1793, French ambassador [[Edmond Charles GenΓͺt]] (known as ''Citizen GenΓͺt'') arrived in the United States. He systematically mobilized pro-French sentiment and encouraged Americans to support France's war against Britain and Spain. GenΓͺt funded local [[Democratic-Republican Societies]] that attacked Federalists.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=451β61}}</ref> He hoped for a favorable new treaty and for repayment of the debts owed to France. Acting aggressively, GenΓͺt outfitted privateers that sailed with American crews under a French flag and attacked British shipping. He tried to organize expeditions of Americans to invade Spanish Louisiana and Spanish Florida. When Secretary of State Jefferson told GenΓͺt he was pushing American friendship past the limit, GenΓͺt threatened to go over the government's head and rouse public opinion on behalf of France. Even Jefferson agreed this was blatant foreign interference in domestic politics. GenΓͺt's extremism seriously embarrassed the Jeffersonians and cooled popular support for promoting the French Revolution and getting involved in its wars. Recalled to Paris for execution, GenΓͺt kept his head and instead went to New York, where he became a citizen and married the daughter of Governor Clinton.<ref>Eugene R. Sheridan, "The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy". ''Diplomatic History'' 18#4 (1994), 463β68.</ref> Jefferson left office, ending the coalition cabinet and allowing the Federalists to dominate.<ref>{{harvnb|Elkins|McKitrick|1995|pp=330β65}}</ref>[/td]
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