J
JASpencer
Guest
Calvin in favour of death of Servetus
[td][/td] [td]==Opponents==[/td]
[td]==Opponents==[/td] [td]This Protestant theocratic government acted against those opposed to the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], sometimes even sentencing them to exile or [[capital punishment]]. Thus [[Michael Servetus]] was condemned to death and burned in public.<ref>[http://www.reformiert-online.net/t/fra/bildung/grundkurs/gesch/lek3/lek3_7.jsp Basic Course: Lesson 3]</ref> on 27 October 1553. Although Calvin wished the city councilβs sentence had been carried out by a method other than burning,{{sfn|Parker|2006|pp=122-123}} he remained the direct cause of the executions of those guilty only of opposing his doctrine of the [[Trinity]]. [/td]
[td]This Protestant theocratic government acted against those opposed to the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], sometimes even sentencing them to exile or [[capital punishment]]. Thus [[Michael Servetus]] was condemned to death and burned in public<ref>[http://www.reformiert-online.net/t/fra/bildung/grundkurs/gesch/lek3/lek3_7.jsp Basic Course: Lesson 3]</ref> for denying the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] on 27 October 1553. Although Calvin wished the city councilβs sentence had been carried out by a method other than burning,{{sfn|Parker|2006|pp=122-123}} he had been in favor of the death sentence. <ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k148435h EJ. SavignΓ©, ''The Scholar Michael Servetus, Victim of All Fanaticisms'', p. 35]</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]The word ''[[libertine]]'' was originally coined by Calvin to negatively describe Genevan opponents of his policies.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Libertines |volume=16 |page=543 |first=Alexander |last=Gordon}}</ref> The group, led by [[Ami Perrin]], argued against Calvin's "insistence that church discipline should be enforced uniformly against all members of Genevan society".<ref name=zophy>{{cite book |last=Zophy |first=Johnathan W. |title=A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe: Dances Over Fire and Water |edition=Third |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-13-097764-9 |page=226 }}</ref> Perrin and his allies were elected to the town council in 1548, and "broadened their support base in Geneva by stirring up resentment among the older inhabitants against the increasing number of religious refugees who were fleeing France in even greater numbers".<ref name=zophy /> By 1555, [[Calvinist]]s were firmly in place on the Genevan town council, so the Libertines, led by Perrin, responded with an "attempted coup against the government and called for the massacre of the French. This was the last great political challenge Calvin had to face in Geneva".<ref name=zophy />[/td]
[td]The word ''[[libertine]]'' was originally coined by Calvin to negatively describe Genevan opponents of his policies.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Libertines |volume=16 |page=543 |first=Alexander |last=Gordon}}</ref> The group, led by [[Ami Perrin]], argued against Calvin's "insistence that church discipline should be enforced uniformly against all members of Genevan society".<ref name=zophy>{{cite book |last=Zophy |first=Johnathan W. |title=A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe: Dances Over Fire and Water |edition=Third |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-13-097764-9 |page=226 }}</ref> Perrin and his allies were elected to the town council in 1548, and "broadened their support base in Geneva by stirring up resentment among the older inhabitants against the increasing number of religious refugees who were fleeing France in even greater numbers".<ref name=zophy /> By 1555, [[Calvinist]]s were firmly in place on the Genevan town council, so the Libertines, led by Perrin, responded with an "attempted coup against the government and called for the massacre of the French. This was the last great political challenge Calvin had to face in Geneva".<ref name=zophy />[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]== The Reign of Terror ==[/td]
[td]== The Reign of Terror ==[/td] [td]During the first five years of his βrule,β thirteen people were hanged, ten beheaded, and thirty-five burned at the stake<ref>{{Article |first1=Sonia Vernhes |last1=Rappaz |title=Judicial drowning in the Republic of Geneva (1558β1619). The Herman Diedericks Prize Essay for 2008 |journal=Crime, History & Societies |volume=13 |issue=Vol. 13, no. 1 |date=2009-03-01 |issn=1422-0857 |doi=10.4000/chs.686 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/chs/686 |access-date=2020-05-28 |pages=5β23 }}</ref>. The best-known victims of Calvinβs repression were [[Jacques Gruet]]<ref>{{Article |first1=FranΓ§ois |last1=Berriot |title=An Atheism Trial in Geneva: the Gruet Affair (1547β1550) |journal=Bulletin de la SociΓ©tΓ© de l'Histoire du Protestantisme FranΓ§ais |year=1979 |volume=125 |pages=577β592 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295049 |access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> and [[Michael Servetus]]<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k148435h EJ. SavignΓ©, ''The Scholar Michael Servetus, Victim of All Fanaticisms'', p. 35]</ref>. [/td]
[td]During the first five years of his βrule,β thirteen people were hanged, ten beheaded, and thirty-five burned at the stake<ref>{{Article |first1=Sonia Vernhes |last1=Rappaz |title=Judicial drowning in the Republic of Geneva (1558β1619). The Herman Diedericks Prize Essay for 2008 |journal=Crime, History & Societies |volume=13 |issue=Vol. 13, no. 1 |date=2009-03-01 |issn=1422-0857 |doi=10.4000/chs.686 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/chs/686 |access-date=2020-05-28 |pages=5β23 }}</ref>. The best-known victims of Calvinβs repression were [[Jacques Gruet]].<ref>{{Article |first1=FranΓ§ois |last1=Berriot |title=An Atheism Trial in Geneva: the Gruet Affair (1547β1550) |journal=Bulletin de la SociΓ©tΓ© de l'Histoire du Protestantisme FranΓ§ais |year=1979 |volume=125 |pages=577β592 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295049 |access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]There were many conflicts between the Council and the Consistory, especially regarding excommunication. Calvin held that those who mocked the Church and Godβs law could not go unpunished and that the Church had the right to sentence them to death. The magistrates, however, believed this was their responsibility, since communion was the right and duty of everyone. Excommunication at the time carried immense civil and religious shame and therefore conferred immense power.[/td]
[td]There were many conflicts between the Council and the Consistory, especially regarding excommunication. Calvin held that those who mocked the Church and Godβs law could not go unpunished and that the Church had the right to sentence them to death. The magistrates, however, believed this was their responsibility, since communion was the right and duty of everyone. Excommunication at the time carried immense civil and religious shame and therefore conferred immense power.[/td]
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[td][/td]Revision as of 17:23, 3 September 2025
[/td][td][/td] [td]==Opponents==[/td]
[td]==Opponents==[/td] [td]This Protestant theocratic government acted against those opposed to the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], sometimes even sentencing them to exile or [[capital punishment]]. Thus [[Michael Servetus]] was condemned to death and burned in public.<ref>[http://www.reformiert-online.net/t/fra/bildung/grundkurs/gesch/lek3/lek3_7.jsp Basic Course: Lesson 3]</ref> on 27 October 1553. Although Calvin wished the city councilβs sentence had been carried out by a method other than burning,{{sfn|Parker|2006|pp=122-123}} he remained the direct cause of the executions of those guilty only of opposing his doctrine of the [[Trinity]]. [/td]
[td]This Protestant theocratic government acted against those opposed to the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], sometimes even sentencing them to exile or [[capital punishment]]. Thus [[Michael Servetus]] was condemned to death and burned in public<ref>[http://www.reformiert-online.net/t/fra/bildung/grundkurs/gesch/lek3/lek3_7.jsp Basic Course: Lesson 3]</ref> for denying the doctrine of the [[Trinity]] on 27 October 1553. Although Calvin wished the city councilβs sentence had been carried out by a method other than burning,{{sfn|Parker|2006|pp=122-123}} he had been in favor of the death sentence. <ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k148435h EJ. SavignΓ©, ''The Scholar Michael Servetus, Victim of All Fanaticisms'', p. 35]</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]The word ''[[libertine]]'' was originally coined by Calvin to negatively describe Genevan opponents of his policies.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Libertines |volume=16 |page=543 |first=Alexander |last=Gordon}}</ref> The group, led by [[Ami Perrin]], argued against Calvin's "insistence that church discipline should be enforced uniformly against all members of Genevan society".<ref name=zophy>{{cite book |last=Zophy |first=Johnathan W. |title=A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe: Dances Over Fire and Water |edition=Third |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-13-097764-9 |page=226 }}</ref> Perrin and his allies were elected to the town council in 1548, and "broadened their support base in Geneva by stirring up resentment among the older inhabitants against the increasing number of religious refugees who were fleeing France in even greater numbers".<ref name=zophy /> By 1555, [[Calvinist]]s were firmly in place on the Genevan town council, so the Libertines, led by Perrin, responded with an "attempted coup against the government and called for the massacre of the French. This was the last great political challenge Calvin had to face in Geneva".<ref name=zophy />[/td]
[td]The word ''[[libertine]]'' was originally coined by Calvin to negatively describe Genevan opponents of his policies.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Libertines |volume=16 |page=543 |first=Alexander |last=Gordon}}</ref> The group, led by [[Ami Perrin]], argued against Calvin's "insistence that church discipline should be enforced uniformly against all members of Genevan society".<ref name=zophy>{{cite book |last=Zophy |first=Johnathan W. |title=A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe: Dances Over Fire and Water |edition=Third |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-13-097764-9 |page=226 }}</ref> Perrin and his allies were elected to the town council in 1548, and "broadened their support base in Geneva by stirring up resentment among the older inhabitants against the increasing number of religious refugees who were fleeing France in even greater numbers".<ref name=zophy /> By 1555, [[Calvinist]]s were firmly in place on the Genevan town council, so the Libertines, led by Perrin, responded with an "attempted coup against the government and called for the massacre of the French. This was the last great political challenge Calvin had to face in Geneva".<ref name=zophy />[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]== The Reign of Terror ==[/td]
[td]== The Reign of Terror ==[/td] [td]During the first five years of his βrule,β thirteen people were hanged, ten beheaded, and thirty-five burned at the stake<ref>{{Article |first1=Sonia Vernhes |last1=Rappaz |title=Judicial drowning in the Republic of Geneva (1558β1619). The Herman Diedericks Prize Essay for 2008 |journal=Crime, History & Societies |volume=13 |issue=Vol. 13, no. 1 |date=2009-03-01 |issn=1422-0857 |doi=10.4000/chs.686 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/chs/686 |access-date=2020-05-28 |pages=5β23 }}</ref>. The best-known victims of Calvinβs repression were [[Jacques Gruet]]<ref>{{Article |first1=FranΓ§ois |last1=Berriot |title=An Atheism Trial in Geneva: the Gruet Affair (1547β1550) |journal=Bulletin de la SociΓ©tΓ© de l'Histoire du Protestantisme FranΓ§ais |year=1979 |volume=125 |pages=577β592 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295049 |access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref> and [[Michael Servetus]]<ref>[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k148435h EJ. SavignΓ©, ''The Scholar Michael Servetus, Victim of All Fanaticisms'', p. 35]</ref>. [/td]
[td]During the first five years of his βrule,β thirteen people were hanged, ten beheaded, and thirty-five burned at the stake<ref>{{Article |first1=Sonia Vernhes |last1=Rappaz |title=Judicial drowning in the Republic of Geneva (1558β1619). The Herman Diedericks Prize Essay for 2008 |journal=Crime, History & Societies |volume=13 |issue=Vol. 13, no. 1 |date=2009-03-01 |issn=1422-0857 |doi=10.4000/chs.686 |url=http://journals.openedition.org/chs/686 |access-date=2020-05-28 |pages=5β23 }}</ref>. The best-known victims of Calvinβs repression were [[Jacques Gruet]].<ref>{{Article |first1=FranΓ§ois |last1=Berriot |title=An Atheism Trial in Geneva: the Gruet Affair (1547β1550) |journal=Bulletin de la SociΓ©tΓ© de l'Histoire du Protestantisme FranΓ§ais |year=1979 |volume=125 |pages=577β592 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24295049 |access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]There were many conflicts between the Council and the Consistory, especially regarding excommunication. Calvin held that those who mocked the Church and Godβs law could not go unpunished and that the Church had the right to sentence them to death. The magistrates, however, believed this was their responsibility, since communion was the right and duty of everyone. Excommunication at the time carried immense civil and religious shame and therefore conferred immense power.[/td]
[td]There were many conflicts between the Council and the Consistory, especially regarding excommunication. Calvin held that those who mocked the Church and Godβs law could not go unpunished and that the Church had the right to sentence them to death. The magistrates, however, believed this was their responsibility, since communion was the right and duty of everyone. Excommunication at the time carried immense civil and religious shame and therefore conferred immense power.[/td]
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