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[td]In New York, Gatschet continued to publish linguistics articles, but worked primarily as a language teacher, being fluent in both French and German, though he reportedly had difficulty with English.{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=561}}{{sfn|Landar|1974|p=160}} In 1872, he was given the recorded vocabularies of sixteen [[Indigenous languages of North America|American Indian languages]] to analyze by the German botanist [[Oscar Loew]] who had been attached to the [[Wheeler Survey]] tasked with exploring the [[Southwestern United States]].{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}}{{sfn|Landar|1974|p=160}} Gatschet's analyses of the vocabularies were reported in the 1875 and 1876 volumes of the Wheeler reports, culminating in another publication entitled {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen aus dem Sรผdwesten Nordamerikas}}.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}}.|{{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.|{{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.}}</ref>{{efn|Full title: {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen aus dem sรผdwesten Nordamerikas (Pueblos- und Apache-Mundarten; Tonto, Tonkawa, Digger, Utah.) โ Wortverzeichnisse herausgegeben, erlรคutert und mit einer Einleitung uber Bau, Begriffsbildung und locale Gruppirung der amerikanischen Sprachen versehen}} ({{translation|'Twelve Languages of Southwestern North America (Pueblo and Apache Dialects; Tonto, Tonkawa, Digger, Utah) โ Dictionary Editions, Explanatory Notes, and an Introduction on Structure, Concept Formation, and Local Grouping of American Languages'}}); also known as simply {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen}} ('Twelve Languages'). The term "Digger" is now considered an [[ethnic slur]] for American Indians indigenous to the [[West Coast of the United States]], namely the [[Southern Paiute people]].<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Digger}}</ref>}}[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]Although {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen}} was published in [[Weimar]], the publication earned Gatschet the attention of [[John Wesley Powell]], a [[major (United States)|major]] in the [[United States Army]] and a veteran of the [[American Civil War]] then serving as the Director of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.<ref>{{multiref2|For the book's place of publication, see {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For Powell's role, see {{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}} and {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For Gatschet's earning Powell's attention, see {{harvnb|''The National Cyclopรฆdia of American Biography''|1931|p=19}} and {{harvnb|''The Evening Star''|1907}}.}}</ref> In March 1877, Gatschet accepted an offer from Powell to become an [[ethnologist]] under him in order to classify and document the languages of the region, prompting Gatschet to relocate to [[Washington, D.C.]], permanently.<ref>{{multiref2|For his acceptance of the offer, see {{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}} and {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For his relocation to Washington, D.C., see {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}} and {{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.}}</ref> Upon his arrival, he began working with the [[Smithsonian Institution]] to classify its existing documentation of American Indian languages.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.|{{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|{{harvnb|Booker|2009|p=515}}.|{{harvnb|''The Evening Star''|1907}}.}}</ref> The same year, he was commissioned by the government to formulate a comprehensive account of the [[Pacific Northwest]] beginning with an expedition to the the Otaki village in the [[Sacramento Valley]] and later visiting the [[Modoc people|Modoc]] and [[Kalapuya people]]s, among others.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} There, he also began his work on the [[Klamath people]] in and around modern-day border of [[Oregon]] and [[California]].{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}}{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}}[/td]
[td]Although {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen}} was published in [[Weimar]], the publication earned Gatschet the attention of [[John Wesley Powell]], a [[major (United States)|major]] in the [[United States Army]] and a veteran of the [[American Civil War]] then serving as the Director of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.<ref>{{multiref2|For the book's place of publication, see {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For Powell's role, see {{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}} and {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For Gatschet's earning Powell's attention, see {{harvnb|''The National Cyclopรฆdia of American Biography''|1931|p=19}} and {{harvnb|''The Evening Star''|1907}}.}}</ref> In March 1877, Gatschet accepted an offer from Powell to become an [[ethnologist]] under him in order to classify and document the languages of the region, prompting Gatschet to relocate to [[Washington, D.C.]], permanently.<ref>{{multiref2|For his acceptance of the offer, see {{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}} and {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For his relocation to Washington, D.C., see {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}} and {{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.}}</ref> Upon his arrival, he began working with the [[Smithsonian Institution]] to classify its existing documentation of American Indian languages.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.|{{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|{{harvnb|Booker|2009|p=515}}.|{{harvnb|''The Evening Star''|1907}}.}}</ref> The same year, he was commissioned by the government to formulate a comprehensive account of the [[Pacific Northwest]] beginning with an expedition to the Otaki village in the [[Sacramento Valley]] and later visiting the [[Modoc people|Modoc]] and [[Kalapuya people]]s, among others.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} There, he also began his work on the [[Klamath people]] in and around modern-day border of [[Oregon]] and [[California]].{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}}{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}}[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]In 1879, Gatschet became a founding member of the [[Bureau of American Ethnology]], with Powell as its new director.{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}} His work on the Klamath was halted following Powell's order to reexamine the phylogenetic relationships of the nation's language families to create a more certain classification system.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} Gatschet was among several other linguists who were deployed to different parts of the country to reassess classifications.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} In December 1881, Gatschet traveled to [[South Carolina]] where he discovered the relationship between the local [[Catawba language]] and the [[Siouan languages]] of the [[Great Plains]].{{sfn|Kasak|2016|p=9}}{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}}[/td]
[td]In 1879, Gatschet became a founding member of the [[Bureau of American Ethnology]], with Powell as its new director.{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}} His work on the Klamath was halted following Powell's order to reexamine the phylogenetic relationships of the nation's language families to create a more certain classification system.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} Gatschet was among several other linguists who were deployed to different parts of the country to reassess classifications.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} In December 1881, Gatschet traveled to [[South Carolina]] where he discovered the relationship between the local [[Catawba language]] and the [[Siouan languages]] of the [[Great Plains]].{{sfn|Kasak|2016|p=9}}{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}}[/td]
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[td]In New York, Gatschet continued to publish linguistics articles, but worked primarily as a language teacher, being fluent in both French and German, though he reportedly had difficulty with English.{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=561}}{{sfn|Landar|1974|p=160}} In 1872, he was given the recorded vocabularies of sixteen [[Indigenous languages of North America|American Indian languages]] to analyze by the German botanist [[Oscar Loew]] who had been attached to the [[Wheeler Survey]] tasked with exploring the [[Southwestern United States]].{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}}{{sfn|Landar|1974|p=160}} Gatschet's analyses of the vocabularies were reported in the 1875 and 1876 volumes of the Wheeler reports, culminating in another publication entitled {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen aus dem Sรผdwesten Nordamerikas}}.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}}.|{{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.|{{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.}}</ref>{{efn|Full title: {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen aus dem sรผdwesten Nordamerikas (Pueblos- und Apache-Mundarten; Tonto, Tonkawa, Digger, Utah.) โ Wortverzeichnisse herausgegeben, erlรคutert und mit einer Einleitung uber Bau, Begriffsbildung und locale Gruppirung der amerikanischen Sprachen versehen}} ({{translation|'Twelve Languages of Southwestern North America (Pueblo and Apache Dialects; Tonto, Tonkawa, Digger, Utah) โ Dictionary Editions, Explanatory Notes, and an Introduction on Structure, Concept Formation, and Local Grouping of American Languages'}}); also known as simply {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen}} ('Twelve Languages'). The term "Digger" is now considered an [[ethnic slur]] for American Indians indigenous to the [[West Coast of the United States]], namely the [[Southern Paiute people]].<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Digger}}</ref>}}[/td]Revision as of 11:24, 31 August 2025
[/td][td]In New York, Gatschet continued to publish linguistics articles, but worked primarily as a language teacher, being fluent in both French and German, though he reportedly had difficulty with English.{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=561}}{{sfn|Landar|1974|p=160}} In 1872, he was given the recorded vocabularies of sixteen [[Indigenous languages of North America|American Indian languages]] to analyze by the German botanist [[Oscar Loew]] who had been attached to the [[Wheeler Survey]] tasked with exploring the [[Southwestern United States]].{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}}{{sfn|Landar|1974|p=160}} Gatschet's analyses of the vocabularies were reported in the 1875 and 1876 volumes of the Wheeler reports, culminating in another publication entitled {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen aus dem Sรผdwesten Nordamerikas}}.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}}.|{{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.|{{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.}}</ref>{{efn|Full title: {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen aus dem sรผdwesten Nordamerikas (Pueblos- und Apache-Mundarten; Tonto, Tonkawa, Digger, Utah.) โ Wortverzeichnisse herausgegeben, erlรคutert und mit einer Einleitung uber Bau, Begriffsbildung und locale Gruppirung der amerikanischen Sprachen versehen}} ({{translation|'Twelve Languages of Southwestern North America (Pueblo and Apache Dialects; Tonto, Tonkawa, Digger, Utah) โ Dictionary Editions, Explanatory Notes, and an Introduction on Structure, Concept Formation, and Local Grouping of American Languages'}}); also known as simply {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen}} ('Twelve Languages'). The term "Digger" is now considered an [[ethnic slur]] for American Indians indigenous to the [[West Coast of the United States]], namely the [[Southern Paiute people]].<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Digger}}</ref>}}[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]Although {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen}} was published in [[Weimar]], the publication earned Gatschet the attention of [[John Wesley Powell]], a [[major (United States)|major]] in the [[United States Army]] and a veteran of the [[American Civil War]] then serving as the Director of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.<ref>{{multiref2|For the book's place of publication, see {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For Powell's role, see {{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}} and {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For Gatschet's earning Powell's attention, see {{harvnb|''The National Cyclopรฆdia of American Biography''|1931|p=19}} and {{harvnb|''The Evening Star''|1907}}.}}</ref> In March 1877, Gatschet accepted an offer from Powell to become an [[ethnologist]] under him in order to classify and document the languages of the region, prompting Gatschet to relocate to [[Washington, D.C.]], permanently.<ref>{{multiref2|For his acceptance of the offer, see {{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}} and {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For his relocation to Washington, D.C., see {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}} and {{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.}}</ref> Upon his arrival, he began working with the [[Smithsonian Institution]] to classify its existing documentation of American Indian languages.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.|{{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|{{harvnb|Booker|2009|p=515}}.|{{harvnb|''The Evening Star''|1907}}.}}</ref> The same year, he was commissioned by the government to formulate a comprehensive account of the [[Pacific Northwest]] beginning with an expedition to the the Otaki village in the [[Sacramento Valley]] and later visiting the [[Modoc people|Modoc]] and [[Kalapuya people]]s, among others.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} There, he also began his work on the [[Klamath people]] in and around modern-day border of [[Oregon]] and [[California]].{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}}{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}}[/td]
[td]Although {{lang|de|Zwรถlf Sprachen}} was published in [[Weimar]], the publication earned Gatschet the attention of [[John Wesley Powell]], a [[major (United States)|major]] in the [[United States Army]] and a veteran of the [[American Civil War]] then serving as the Director of the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.<ref>{{multiref2|For the book's place of publication, see {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For Powell's role, see {{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}} and {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For Gatschet's earning Powell's attention, see {{harvnb|''The National Cyclopรฆdia of American Biography''|1931|p=19}} and {{harvnb|''The Evening Star''|1907}}.}}</ref> In March 1877, Gatschet accepted an offer from Powell to become an [[ethnologist]] under him in order to classify and document the languages of the region, prompting Gatschet to relocate to [[Washington, D.C.]], permanently.<ref>{{multiref2|For his acceptance of the offer, see {{harvnb|Landar|1974|p=160}} and {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|For his relocation to Washington, D.C., see {{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}} and {{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.}}</ref> Upon his arrival, he began working with the [[Smithsonian Institution]] to classify its existing documentation of American Indian languages.<ref>{{multiref|{{harvnb|''The Washington Times''|1907a|p=3}}.|{{harvnb|Mooney|1907|p=562}}.|{{harvnb|Booker|2009|p=515}}.|{{harvnb|''The Evening Star''|1907}}.}}</ref> The same year, he was commissioned by the government to formulate a comprehensive account of the [[Pacific Northwest]] beginning with an expedition to the Otaki village in the [[Sacramento Valley]] and later visiting the [[Modoc people|Modoc]] and [[Kalapuya people]]s, among others.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} There, he also began his work on the [[Klamath people]] in and around modern-day border of [[Oregon]] and [[California]].{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}}{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}}[/td] [td][/td]
[td][/td] [td]In 1879, Gatschet became a founding member of the [[Bureau of American Ethnology]], with Powell as its new director.{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}} His work on the Klamath was halted following Powell's order to reexamine the phylogenetic relationships of the nation's language families to create a more certain classification system.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} Gatschet was among several other linguists who were deployed to different parts of the country to reassess classifications.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} In December 1881, Gatschet traveled to [[South Carolina]] where he discovered the relationship between the local [[Catawba language]] and the [[Siouan languages]] of the [[Great Plains]].{{sfn|Kasak|2016|p=9}}{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}}[/td]
[td]In 1879, Gatschet became a founding member of the [[Bureau of American Ethnology]], with Powell as its new director.{{sfn|Mooney|1907|p=562}} His work on the Klamath was halted following Powell's order to reexamine the phylogenetic relationships of the nation's language families to create a more certain classification system.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} Gatschet was among several other linguists who were deployed to different parts of the country to reassess classifications.{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}} In December 1881, Gatschet traveled to [[South Carolina]] where he discovered the relationship between the local [[Catawba language]] and the [[Siouan languages]] of the [[Great Plains]].{{sfn|Kasak|2016|p=9}}{{sfn|''The Evening Star''|1907}}[/td]
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