Thermoset polymer matrix - Wikipedia - Recent changes [en]

==Cyanate ester resins==

==Cyanate ester resins==

{{Main|Cyanate ester}}

{{Main|Cyanate ester}}

The reaction of bisphenols or multifunctional phenol novolac resins with cyanogen bromide or chloride leads to cyanate functional monomers which can be converted in a controlled manner into cyanate ester functional prepolymer resins by chain extension or copolymerization.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kessler|first1=Michael R.|title=Cyanate Ester Resins adapted from Cyanate Ester Resins|journal=Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites|year=2012|doi=10.1002/9781118097298.weoc062}}</ref> When postcured, all residual cyanate ester functionality polymerises by cyclotrimerisation leading to tightly crosslinked polycyanurate networks with high thermal stability and glass transition temperatures up to {{convert|752|°F|°C|abbr=on}} and wet heat stability up to around {{convert|400|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.[[File:Cyanate ester resins.jpg|thumb|Cyanate ester monomer, prepolymer and polycyanurate structures]]

The reaction of bisphenols or multifunctional phenol novolac resins with cyanogen bromide or chloride leads to cyanate functional monomers which can be converted in a controlled manner into cyanate ester functional prepolymer resins by chain extension or copolymerization.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kessler|first1=Michael R. |title=Wiley Encyclopedia of Composites |chapter=Cyanate Ester Resins Adapted from ''Cyanate Ester Resins'', First Edition |year=2012|pages=1–15 |doi=10.1002/9781118097298.weoc062 |isbn=978-0-470-12828-2 }}</ref> When postcured, all residual cyanate ester functionality polymerises by cyclotrimerisation leading to tightly crosslinked polycyanurate networks with high thermal stability and glass transition temperatures up to {{convert|752|°F|°C|abbr=on}} and wet heat stability up to around {{convert|400|°F|°C|abbr=on}}.[[File:Cyanate ester resins.jpg|thumb|Cyanate ester monomer, prepolymer and polycyanurate structures]]

Cyanate ester resin prepregs combine the high temperature stability of polyimides with the flame and fire resistance of phenolics and are used in the manufacture of aerospace structural composite components which meet fire protection regulations concerning flammability, smoke density and toxicity. Other uses include film adhesives, surfacing films and [[3D printing]].

Cyanate ester resin prepregs combine the high temperature stability of polyimides with the flame and fire resistance of phenolics and are used in the manufacture of aerospace structural composite components which meet fire protection regulations concerning flammability, smoke density and toxicity. Other uses include film adhesives, surfacing films and [[3D printing]].

==Polyurethane (PUR) resins==

==Polyurethane (PUR) resins==

{{main|Polyurethane}}

{{main|Polyurethane}}

Thermoset [[polyurethane]] prepolymers with carbamate (-NH-CO-O-) links are linear and elastomeric if formed by combining diisocyanates (OCN-R1-NCO) with long chain diols (HO-R2-OH), or crosslinked and rigid if formed from combinations of [[isocyanate|polyisocyanate]]s and, [[polyol]]s. They can be solid or have an open cellular structure if foamed, and are widely used for their characteristic<ref>Polyurethane Handbook, ed. G Oertel, Hanser, Munich, Germany, 2nd edn., 1994, {{ISBN|1569901570}}, {{ISBN|978-1569901571}}</ref> high adhesion and resistance to fatigue. Polyurethane foam structural cores combined with glass-reinforced or graphite-reinforced composite laminates are used to make lightweight, strong, sandwich structures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hamilton |first1=Andrew R. |last2=Thomsen |first2=Ole Thybo |last3=Madaleno |first3=Liliana A. O. |last4=Jensen |first4=Lars Rosgaard |last5=Rauhe |first5=Jens Christian M. |last6=Pyrz |first6=Ryszard |date=2013-10-18 |title=Evaluation of the anisotropic mechanical properties of reinforced polyurethane foams |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266353813003175 |journal=Composites Science and Technology |language=en |volume=87 |pages=210–217 |doi=10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.08.013 |s2cid=59376048 |issn=0266-3538}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kausar |first=Ayesha |date=2018-03-04 |title=Polyurethane Composite Foams in High-Performance Applications: A Review |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2017.1329433 |journal=Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=346–369 |doi=10.1080/03602559.2017.1329433 |s2cid=136101713 |issn=0360-2559|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuranchie |first1=Charles |last2=Yaya |first2=Abu |last3=Bensah |first3=Yaw Delali |date=2021-03-01 |title=The effect of natural fibre reinforcement on polyurethane composite foams – A review |journal=Scientific African |language=en |volume=11 |pages=e00722 |doi=10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00722 |s2cid=233842710 |issn=2468-2276|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021SciAf..1100722K }}</ref> All forms of the material, inclusive of flexible and rigid foams, foam moldings, solid [[elastomer]]ic moldings and extrudates, when combined with various reinforcement–fillers have found commercial applications in thermoset polymer matrix composites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abedi |first1=Mohammad Mahdi |last2=Jafari Nedoushan |first2=Reza |last3=Yu |first3=Woong-Ryeol |date=2021-10-01 |title=Enhanced compressive and energy absorption properties of braided lattice and polyurethane foam hybrid composites |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740321003611 |journal=International Journal of Mechanical Sciences |language=en |volume=207 |pages=106627 |doi=10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106627 |issn=0020-7403|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Thermoset [[polyurethane]] prepolymers with carbamate (-NH-CO-O-) links are linear and elastomeric if formed by combining diisocyanates (OCN-R1-NCO) with long chain diols (HO-R2-OH), or crosslinked and rigid if formed from combinations of [[isocyanate|polyisocyanate]]s and, [[polyol]]s. They can be solid or have an open cellular structure if foamed, and are widely used for their characteristic<ref>Polyurethane Handbook, ed. G Oertel, Hanser, Munich, Germany, 2nd edn., 1994, {{ISBN|1569901570}}, {{ISBN|978-1569901571}}</ref> high adhesion and resistance to fatigue. Polyurethane foam structural cores combined with glass-reinforced or graphite-reinforced composite laminates are used to make lightweight, strong, sandwich structures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hamilton |first1=Andrew R. |last2=Thomsen |first2=Ole Thybo |last3=Madaleno |first3=Liliana A. O. |last4=Jensen |first4=Lars Rosgaard |last5=Rauhe |first5=Jens Christian M. |last6=Pyrz |first6=Ryszard |date=2013-10-18 |title=Evaluation of the anisotropic mechanical properties of reinforced polyurethane foams |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266353813003175 |journal=Composites Science and Technology |language=en |volume=87 |pages=210–217 |doi=10.1016/j.compscitech.2013.08.013 |s2cid=59376048 |issn=0266-3538}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kausar |first=Ayesha |date=2018-03-04 |title=Polyurethane Composite Foams in High-Performance Applications: A Review |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2017.1329433 |journal=Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=346–369 |doi=10.1080/03602559.2017.1329433 |s2cid=136101713 |issn=0360-2559|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuranchie |first1=Charles |last2=Yaya |first2=Abu |last3=Bensah |first3=Yaw Delali |date=2021-03-01 |title=The effect of natural fibre reinforcement on polyurethane composite foams – A review |journal=Scientific African |language=en |volume=11 |article-number=e00722 |doi=10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00722 |s2cid=233842710 |issn=2468-2276|doi-access=free |bibcode=2021SciAf..1100722K }}</ref> All forms of the material, inclusive of flexible and rigid foams, foam moldings, solid [[elastomer]]ic moldings and extrudates, when combined with various reinforcement–fillers have found commercial applications in thermoset polymer matrix composites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abedi |first1=Mohammad Mahdi |last2=Jafari Nedoushan |first2=Reza |last3=Yu |first3=Woong-Ryeol |date=2021-10-01 |title=Enhanced compressive and energy absorption properties of braided lattice and polyurethane foam hybrid composites |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0020740321003611 |journal=International Journal of Mechanical Sciences |language=en |volume=207 |article-number=106627 |doi=10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106627 |issn=0020-7403|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

They differ from [[polyurea]]s which are thermoset elastomeric polymers with carbamide (-NH-CO-NH-) links made by combining diisocyanate monomers or prepolymers (OCN-R-NCO) with blends of long-chain amine-terminated polyether or polyester resins (H2N-RL-NH2) and short-chain diamine extenders (H2N-RS-NH2). Polyureas are characterised by near instantaneous cure, high mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion so are widely used for 1:1 volume mix ratio spray applied, abrasion resistant waterproofing protective coating and lining.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1007/BF02699621|title = Polyurethanes, polyurethane dispersions and polyureas: Past, present and future|journal = Surface Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions|volume = 86|issue = 2|pages = 111–118|year = 2003|last1 = Howarth|first1 = GA| s2cid=93574741 }}</ref>

They differ from [[polyurea]]s which are thermoset elastomeric polymers with carbamide (-NH-CO-NH-) links made by combining diisocyanate monomers or prepolymers (OCN-R-NCO) with blends of long-chain amine-terminated polyether or polyester resins (H2N-RL-NH2) and short-chain diamine extenders (H2N-RS-NH2). Polyureas are characterised by near instantaneous cure, high mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion so are widely used for 1:1 volume mix ratio spray applied, abrasion resistant waterproofing protective coating and lining.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1007/BF02699621|title = Polyurethanes, polyurethane dispersions and polyureas: Past, present and future|journal = Surface Coatings International Part B: Coatings Transactions|volume = 86|issue = 2|pages = 111–118|year = 2003|last1 = Howarth|first1 = GA| s2cid=93574741 }}</ref>

== Further reading ==

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/182890|title=Epoxy resin technology.|date=1968|publisher=Interscience Publishers|others=Paul F. Bruins, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn|isbn=0-470-11390-1|location=New York|oclc=182890}}

* {{Cite book|title=Epoxy resin technology.|date=1968|publisher=Interscience Publishers|others=Paul F. Bruins, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn|isbn=0-470-11390-1|location=New York|oclc=182890}}

* {{Cite book|last=Flick|first=Ernest W.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/915134542|title=Epoxy resins, curing agents, compounds, and modifiers : an industrial guide|date=1993|isbn=978-0-8155-1708-5|location=Park Ridge, NJ|oclc=915134542}}

* {{Cite book|last=Flick|first=Ernest W.|title=Epoxy resins, curing agents, compounds, and modifiers : an industrial guide|date=1993|isbn=978-0-8155-1708-5|location=Park Ridge, NJ|oclc=915134542}}

* {{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Henry|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/311631322|title=Handbook of epoxy resins|date=1967|publisher=McGraw-Hill|others=Kris Neville|isbn=0-07-036997-6|edition=[2nd, expanded work]|location=New York|oclc=311631322}}

* {{Cite book|last=Lee|first=Henry|title=Handbook of epoxy resins|date=1967|publisher=McGraw-Hill|others=Kris Neville|isbn=0-07-036997-6|edition=[2nd, expanded work]|location=New York|oclc=311631322}}

* James M. Margolis, editor in chief, ''Engineering plastics handbook '', {{ISBN|0-07-145767-4}}, McGraw-Hill, c2006

* James M. Margolis, editor in chief, ''Engineering plastics handbook '', {{ISBN|0-07-145767-4}}, McGraw-Hill, c2006

* Modern Plastic Mid-October Encyclopedia Issue, Polyimide, thermoset, p.&nbsp;146.

* Modern Plastic Mid-October Encyclopedia Issue, Polyimide, thermoset, p.&nbsp;146.