Spithead and Nore mutinies

The mutineers expanded their initial grievances{{explain|date=November 2017}} and [[blockade]]d London,{{sfn|Gill|1913|p=182}} preventing merchant vessels from entering the port, and the principals made plans to sail their ships to France, alienating the regular English sailors and losing more and more ships as the mutiny progressed. This gave rise to a fear in the Admiralty that ships still at sea might be taken to France, but that was generally unfounded. When word of the mutiny reached the squadron under Sir [[John Borlase Warren]], cruising off Ushant, the crew of [[HMS Galatea (1794)|HMS ''Galatea'']] seized her, confining her captain, [[Richard Goodwin Keats]], but the whole squadron nonetheless followed orders to return to Plymouth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hannah |first1=P. |title=A Treasure to the Service - Admiral Keats |date=2021 |publisher=Green Hill |location=Adelaide |isbn=978-1-922629-73-9 |page=45}}</ref> There was seemingly no thought of treason – the men just wanted improvements in their conditions. When they returned to shore Keats was released and once prize money was secured and other matters of pay were settled, they returned to their station. Although the port of Brest was unwatched for some weeks the French missed the opportunity to get to sea.

The mutineers expanded their initial grievances{{explain|date=November 2017}} and [[blockade]]d London,{{sfn|Gill|1913|p=182}} preventing merchant vessels from entering the port, and the principals made plans to sail their ships to France, alienating the regular English sailors and losing more and more ships as the mutiny progressed. This gave rise to a fear in the Admiralty that ships still at sea might be taken to France, but that was generally unfounded. When word of the mutiny reached the squadron under Sir [[John Borlase Warren]], cruising off Ushant, the crew of [[HMS Galatea (1794)|HMS ''Galatea'']] seized her, confining her captain, [[Richard Goodwin Keats]], but the whole squadron nonetheless followed orders to return to Plymouth.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hannah |first1=P. |title=A Treasure to the Service - Admiral Keats |date=2021 |publisher=Green Hill |location=Adelaide |isbn=978-1-922629-73-9 |page=45}}</ref> There was seemingly no thought of treason – the men just wanted improvements in their conditions. When they returned to shore Keats was released and once prize money was secured and other matters of pay were settled, they returned to their station. Although the port of Brest was unwatched for some weeks the French missed the opportunity to get to sea.

[[File:Death mask of Richard Parker.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Death mask]] of Parker taken shortly after he was hanged]]

On 5 June, Parker issued an order that merchant ships be allowed to pass the blockade, and only Royal Navy [[Victualler|victualling]] (i.e., supply) ships be detained. The ostensible reason provided in the order was that "the release of the merchant vessels would create a favourable impression on shore", although this decision may have had more to do with such a wide and complex undertaking as interdicting all the merchant traffic on the busy [[Thames]].{{sfn|Gill|1913|p=184}} After the successful resolution of the Spithead mutiny, the government and the Admiralty were not inclined to make further concessions, particularly as they felt some leaders of the Nore mutiny had political aims beyond improving pay and living conditions.

The mutineers were denied food and water, and when Parker hoisted the signal for the ships to sail to France,{{Contradictory inline|article=Richard Parker (mutineer)|section=Crisis and collapse|date=June 2012}} all of the remaining ships refused to follow.

On 5 June, Parker issued an order that merchant ships be allowed to pass the blockade, and only Royal Navy [[Victualler|victualling]] (i.e., supply) ships be detained. The ostensible reason provided in the order was that "the release of the merchant vessels would create a favourable impression on shore", although this decision may have had more to do with such a wide and complex undertaking as interdicting all the merchant traffic on the busy [[Thames]].{{sfn|Gill|1913|p=184}} After the successful resolution of the Spithead mutiny, the government and the Admiralty were not inclined to make further concessions, particularly as they felt some leaders of the Nore mutiny had political aims beyond improving pay and living conditions. The mutineers were denied food and water, and when Parker hoisted the signal for the ships to sail to France,{{Contradictory inline|article=Richard Parker (mutineer)|section=Crisis and collapse|date=June 2012}} all of the remaining ships refused to follow.

Meanwhile, Captain [[Charles Cunningham]] of {{HMS|Clyde|1796|6}}, which was there for a refit, persuaded his crew to return to duty and slipped off to [[Sheerness]]. This was seen as a signal to others to do likewise,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cunningham and HMS clyde|url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/14114.html|website=collections.rmg.co.uk|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> and eventually, most ships slipped their anchors and deserted (some under fire from the mutineers), and the mutiny failed. Parker was quickly convicted of [[treason]] and [[piracy]] and [[Hanging|hanged]] from the [[yardarm]] of ''Sandwich'', the vessel where the mutiny had started. In the reprisals that followed, 29 were hanged, 29 were imprisoned, and nine were [[Flagellation|flogged]], while others were sentenced to [[Penal transportation|transportation]] to Australia. One such was surgeon's mate [[William Redfern]] who became a respected surgeon and landowner in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bates|first1=Ian M|title=Champion of the Quarterdeck: Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower (1742–1814)|date=31 May 2017|publisher=Sage Old Books|isbn=9780958702126|page=242 |edition=First|url=https://www.sageoldbooks.com/champion_sale.shtml}}</ref> The majority of men involved in the mutiny were not punished at all, which was lenient by the standards of the time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Naval Mutinies of 1797|last=Coats|first=Ann Veronica|year=2011|pages=158}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Captain [[Charles Cunningham]] of {{HMS|Clyde|1796|6}}, which was there for a refit, persuaded his crew to return to duty and slipped off to [[Sheerness]]. This was seen as a signal to others to do likewise,<ref>{{cite web|title=Cunningham and HMS clyde|url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/14114.html|website=collections.rmg.co.uk|access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref> and eventually, most ships slipped their anchors and deserted (some under fire from the mutineers), and the mutiny failed. Parker was quickly convicted of [[treason]] and [[piracy]] and [[Hanging|hanged]] from the [[yardarm]] of ''Sandwich'', the vessel where the mutiny had started. In the reprisals that followed, 29 were hanged, 29 were imprisoned, and nine were [[Flagellation|flogged]], while others were sentenced to [[Penal transportation|transportation]] to Australia. One such was surgeon's mate [[William Redfern]] who became a respected surgeon and landowner in New South Wales.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bates|first1=Ian M|title=Champion of the Quarterdeck: Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower (1742–1814)|date=31 May 2017|publisher=Sage Old Books|isbn=9780958702126|page=242 |edition=First|url=https://www.sageoldbooks.com/champion_sale.shtml}}</ref> The majority of men involved in the mutiny were not punished at all, which was lenient by the standards of the time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Naval Mutinies of 1797|last=Coats|first=Ann Veronica|year=2011|pages=158}}</ref>

After the Nore mutiny, Royal Navy vessels no longer rang five [[Ship's bell|bells]] in the last [[dog watch]], as that had been the signal to begin the mutiny.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Ship's bell |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/ships-bell |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

After the Nore mutiny, Royal Navy vessels no longer rang five [[Ship's bell|bells]] in the last [[dog watch]], as that had been the signal to begin the mutiny.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Ship's bell |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/ships-bell |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Death mask of Richard Parker.jpg|right|thumb|[[Death mask]] of Richard Parker taken shortly after he was hanged for mutiny in 1797; a fine original casting is held at the [[Hunterian Museum (London)]].]]

==Alleged role of the United Irishmen==

==Alleged role of the United Irishmen==