Smallpox vaccine

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[[Napoleon]] was an early proponent of smallpox vaccination and ordered that army recruits be given the vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Nova et Vetera | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 1 | issue = 2370 | pages = 1297–1298 | date = June 1906 | pmid = 20762710 | pmc = 2381502 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.2370.1297 }}</ref> Additionally a vaccination program was created for the French Army and his [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]]. In 1811 he had his son, [[Napoleon II]], vaccinated after his birth. By 1815 about half of French children were vaccinated and by the end of the [[Napoleonic Empire]] smallpox deaths accounted for 1.8% of deaths, as opposed to the 4.8% of deaths it accounted for at the time of the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tizard IR |title=A History of Vaccines and Their Opponents |date=2023 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |page=99}}</ref>
[[Napoleon]] was an early proponent of smallpox vaccination and ordered that army recruits be given the vaccine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Nova et Vetera | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 1 | issue = 2370 | pages = 1297–1298 | date = June 1906 | pmid = 20762710 | pmc = 2381502 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.2370.1297 }}</ref> Additionally a vaccination program was created for the French Army and his [[Imperial Guard (Napoleon I)|Imperial Guard]]. In 1811 he had his son, [[Napoleon II]], vaccinated after his birth. By 1815 about half of French children were vaccinated and by the end of the [[Napoleonic Empire]] smallpox deaths accounted for 1.8% of deaths, as opposed to the 4.8% of deaths it accounted for at the time of the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Tizard IR |title=A History of Vaccines and Their Opponents |date=2023 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |page=99}}</ref>


On March 26, 1806, the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Swiss canton]] [[Thurgau]] became the first state in the world to introduce compulsory smallpox vaccinations, by order of the cantonal councillor ''Jakob Christoph Scherb''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Habicht ME, Varotto E, Galassi FM | title = The Swiss Canton of Thurgau - not the Kingdom of Bavaria-was the first state to introduce compulsory vaccination against smallpox | journal = Public Health | volume = 205 | pages = e16–e17 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35305819 | doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.01.028 | pmc = 9768693 | hdl = 10447/621085 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives-quickaccess.ch/statg/rechtserlasse/ref/3'69,+0.0/5,+21 |title=Verordnung des Sanitätsrates vom 26.03.1806 wegen jährlicher Impfung der Schutzblattern |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=Thurgauer Rechtserlasse ab 1803 |publisher=Staatsarchiv Thurgau |language=German |via=archives-quickaccesses.ch}}</ref> Half a year later, [[Elisa Bonaparte]] issued a corresponding order for her [[Principality of Lucca and Piombino]] on 25 December 1806.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pavli A, Maltezou HC | title = Travel vaccines throughout history | journal = Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 46 | pages = 102278 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35167951 | pmc = 8837496 | doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102278 }}</ref> On 26 August 1807, Bavaria introduced a similar measure. Baden followed in 1809, Prussia in 1815, Württemberg in 1818, Sweden in 1816, England in 1867 and the German Empire in 1874 through the Reichs Vaccination Act.<ref name="MeyerReiter">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyer C, Reiter S | title = [Vaccine opponents and sceptics. History, background, arguments, interaction] | language = German | journal = Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz | volume = 47 | issue = 12 | pages = 1182–1188 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15583889 | doi = 10.1007/s00103-004-0953-x | s2cid = 23282373 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Klein S, Schöneberg I, Krause G | journal = Bundesgesundheitsblatt|title=Vom Zwang zur Pockenschutzimpfung zum Nationalen Impfplan|volume=55|at=pp.&nbsp;1512–1523|date=October 2012|language=German|doi=10.25646/1620 }}</ref> In Lutheran Sweden, the Protestant clergy played a pioneering role in voluntary smallpox vaccination as early as 1800.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Jarlert A | title = Sveriges Kyrkohistoria. | volume = 6 | location = Stockholm | date = 2001 | pages = 33–54 }}</ref> The first vaccination was carried out in Liechtenstein in 1801, and from 1812 it was mandatory to vaccinate.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rheinberger R | chapter = Zum 200. Geburtstag von Landesphysikus Gebhard Schaedler. Ein Liechtensteinischer Artzt als Pionier der Pockenschutzimpfung. | title = Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins fur das Furstentum Liechtenstein. Historischer Verein fur das Furstentum Liechtenstein | date = 1976 | volume = 76 | pages = 337–343 | chapter-url = http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_76/333/ | access-date = 27 October 2021 | archive-date = 27 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101204/https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_76/333/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
On March 26, 1806, the [[Cantons of Switzerland|Swiss canton]] [[Thurgau]] became the first state in the world to introduce compulsory smallpox vaccinations, by order of the cantonal councillor ''Jakob Christoph Scherb''.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Habicht ME, Varotto E, Galassi FM | title = The Swiss Canton of Thurgau - not the Kingdom of Bavaria-was the first state to introduce compulsory vaccination against smallpox | journal = Public Health | volume = 205 | pages = e16–e17 | date = April 2022 | pmid = 35305819 | doi = 10.1016/j.puhe.2022.01.028 | pmc = 9768693 | hdl = 10447/621085 | hdl-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archives-quickaccess.ch/statg/rechtserlasse/ref/3'69,+0.0/5,+21 |title=Verordnung des Sanitätsrates vom 26.03.1806 wegen jährlicher Impfung der Schutzblattern |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=Thurgauer Rechtserlasse ab 1803 |publisher=Staatsarchiv Thurgau |language=German |via=archives-quickaccesses.ch}}</ref> Half a year later, [[Elisa Bonaparte]] issued a corresponding order for her [[Principality of Lucca and Piombino]] on 25 December 1806.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pavli A, Maltezou HC | title = Travel vaccines throughout history | journal = Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 46 | pages = 102278 | date = March 2022 | pmid = 35167951 | pmc = 8837496 | doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102278 }}</ref> On 26 August 1807, Bavaria introduced a similar measure. Baden followed in 1809, Prussia in 1815, Württemberg in 1818, Sweden in 1816, England in 1867 and the German Empire in 1874 through the Reichs Vaccination Act.<ref name="MeyerReiter">{{cite journal | vauthors = Meyer C, Reiter S | title = [Vaccine opponents and sceptics. History, background, arguments, interaction] | language = German | journal = Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz | volume = 47 | issue = 12 | pages = 1182–1188 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15583889 | doi = 10.1007/s00103-004-0953-x | s2cid = 23282373 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Klein S, Schöneberg I, Krause G | journal = Bundesgesundheitsblatt|title=Vom Zwang zur Pockenschutzimpfung zum Nationalen Impfplan|volume=55|at=pp.&nbsp;1512–1523|date=October 2012|language=German|doi=10.25646/1620 }}</ref> In Lutheran Sweden, the Protestant clergy played a pioneering role in voluntary smallpox vaccination as early as 1800.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Jarlert A | title = Sveriges Kyrkohistoria. | volume = 6 | location = Stockholm |publisher=Verbum | date = 2001 | pages = 33–54 }}</ref> The first vaccination was carried out in Liechtenstein in 1801, and from 1812 it was mandatory to vaccinate.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Rheinberger R | chapter = Zum 200. Geburtstag von Landesphysikus Gebhard Schaedler. Ein Liechtensteinischer Artzt als Pionier der Pockenschutzimpfung. | title = Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins fur das Furstentum Liechtenstein. Historischer Verein fur das Furstentum Liechtenstein | date = 1976 | volume = 76 | pages = 337–343 | chapter-url = http://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_76/333/ | access-date = 27 October 2021 | archive-date = 27 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211027101204/https://www.eliechtensteinensia.li/viewer/image/000000453_76/333/ | url-status = live }}</ref>


The question of who first tried cowpox inoculation/vaccination cannot be answered with certainty. Most, but still limited, information is available for [[Benjamin Jesty]], [[Peter Plett]] and [[John Fewster]]. In 1774 Jesty, a farmer of [[Yetminster]] in [[Dorset]], observing that the two milkmaids living with his family were immune to smallpox, inoculated his family with cowpox to protect them from smallpox. He attracted a certain amount of local criticism and ridicule at the time then interest waned. Attention was later drawn to Jesty, and he was brought to London in 1802 by critics jealous of Jenner's prominence at a time when he was applying to Parliament for financial reward.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pead PJ | title = Benjamin Jesty: new light in the dawn of vaccination | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9401 | pages = 2104–2109 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14697816 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15111-2 | s2cid = 4254402 }}</ref> During 1790–92 Peter Plett, a teacher from [[Holstein]], reported limited results of cowpox inoculation to the Medical Faculty of the [[University of Kiel]]. However, the Faculty favoured variolation and took no action.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Plett PC | title = [Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner] | language = de | journal = Sudhoffs Archiv | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 219–232 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17338405 | jstor = 20778029 }}</ref> John Fewster, a surgeon friend of Jenner's from nearby Thornbury, discussed the possibility of cowpox inoculation at meetings as early as 1765. He may have done some cowpox inoculations in 1796 at about the same time that Jenner vaccinated Phipps. However, Fewster, who had a flourishing variolation practice, may have considered this option but used smallpox instead. He thought vaccination offered no advantage over variolation, but maintained friendly contact with Jenner and certainly made no claim of priority for vaccination when critics attacked Jenner's reputation.<ref name = "Williams_2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Williams G |title=Angel of Death; the story of smallpox|url=https://archive.org/details/angeldeathstorys00will|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0-230-27471-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/angeldeathstorys00will/page/n182 162]–73}}</ref> It seems clear that the idea of using cowpox instead of smallpox for inoculation was considered, and actually tried in the late 18th century, and not just by the medical profession. Therefore, Jenner was not the first to try cowpox inoculation. However, he was the first to publish his evidence and distribute vaccine freely, provide information on selection of suitable material, and maintain it by arm-to-arm transfer. The authors of the official [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) account ''Smallpox and its Eradication'' assessing Jenner's role wrote:<ref name = "Fenner_1988" />{{rp|264}}
The question of who first tried cowpox inoculation/vaccination cannot be answered with certainty. Most, but still limited, information is available for [[Benjamin Jesty]], [[Peter Plett]] and [[John Fewster]]. In 1774 Jesty, a farmer of [[Yetminster]] in [[Dorset]], observing that the two milkmaids living with his family were immune to smallpox, inoculated his family with cowpox to protect them from smallpox. He attracted a certain amount of local criticism and ridicule at the time then interest waned. Attention was later drawn to Jesty, and he was brought to London in 1802 by critics jealous of Jenner's prominence at a time when he was applying to Parliament for financial reward.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pead PJ | title = Benjamin Jesty: new light in the dawn of vaccination | journal = Lancet | volume = 362 | issue = 9401 | pages = 2104–2109 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14697816 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15111-2 | s2cid = 4254402 }}</ref> During 1790–92 Peter Plett, a teacher from [[Holstein]], reported limited results of cowpox inoculation to the Medical Faculty of the [[University of Kiel]]. However, the Faculty favoured variolation and took no action.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Plett PC | title = [Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner] | language = de | journal = Sudhoffs Archiv | volume = 90 | issue = 2 | pages = 219–232 | year = 2006 | pmid = 17338405 | jstor = 20778029 }}</ref> John Fewster, a surgeon friend of Jenner's from nearby Thornbury, discussed the possibility of cowpox inoculation at meetings as early as 1765. He may have done some cowpox inoculations in 1796 at about the same time that Jenner vaccinated Phipps. However, Fewster, who had a flourishing variolation practice, may have considered this option but used smallpox instead. He thought vaccination offered no advantage over variolation, but maintained friendly contact with Jenner and certainly made no claim of priority for vaccination when critics attacked Jenner's reputation.<ref name = "Williams_2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Williams G |title=Angel of Death; the story of smallpox|url=https://archive.org/details/angeldeathstorys00will|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0-230-27471-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/angeldeathstorys00will/page/n182 162]–73}}</ref> It seems clear that the idea of using cowpox instead of smallpox for inoculation was considered, and actually tried in the late 18th century, and not just by the medical profession. Therefore, Jenner was not the first to try cowpox inoculation. However, he was the first to publish his evidence and distribute vaccine freely, provide information on selection of suitable material, and maintain it by arm-to-arm transfer. The authors of the official [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) account ''Smallpox and its Eradication'' assessing Jenner's role wrote:<ref name = "Fenner_1988" />{{rp|264}}
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