Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)

Modestini proceeded to have the panel specialist Monica Griesbach chisel off a woodworm-infested [[marouflage]]d panel, which had caused the painting to break into seven pieces. Griesbach reassembled the painting with adhesive and wood slivers. In late 2006, Modestini began her restoration effort.{{sfn|Shaer|2019}} The art historian Martin Kemp was critical of the result: "Both thumbs" of the painting's raw state "are rather better than the one painted by Dianne".<ref name=wraps /> Other experts have also been critical of the extensive level of restoration undertaken by Modestini, and that it had impeded any attribution of the work (and some calling it a "contemporary work" or a "masterpiece by Modestini").<ref name=ArtNet /> In 2010, Parish and Simon added [[Warren Adelson]] to their partnership in order to cover the costs of storage and insurance.{{sfn|Shaer|2019}} From November 2011 through February 2012, the painting was exhibited at the [[National Gallery]], London, as an [[List of works by Leonardo da Vinci|autograph work by Leonardo]], after authentication by that gallery.<ref name=where /><ref name="Greene" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/media/15705/exhibition-guide_leonardo-da-vinci.pdf |title=''Leonardo da Vinci, Painter at the Court of Milan'', Leonardo da Vinci, ''Christ as Salvator Mundi'', exhibition catalogue, n.71, National Gallery, 9 November 2011b– 5 February 2012 |publisher=National Gallery|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511015643/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/media/15705/exhibition-guide_leonardo-da-vinci.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|The last Leonardo to be discovered was the ''[[Benois Madonna]]'', found in 1909.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Long-lost da Vinci painting fetches $450.3 million, an auction record for art |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/11/15/unimaginable-discovery-long-lost-da-vinci-painting-to-fetch-at-least-100-million-at-auction/ |first1=Travis M. |last1=Andrews |first2=Fred |last2=Barbash |date=16 November 2017 |access-date=5 September 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814214642/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/11/15/unimaginable-discovery-long-lost-da-vinci-painting-to-fetch-at-least-100-million-at-auction/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} The [[Dallas Museum of Art]] held the painting for the remainder of 2012 in an attempt to lure donors to purchase the painting for its collection.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Granberry |first=Michael |date=27 January 2019 |title=The story of a painting, starring Leonardo da Vinci, Trump, Russia, a Saudi crown prince and Dallas |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/visual-arts/2019/01/27/the-story-of-a-painting-starring-leonardo-da-vinci-trump-russia-a-saudi-crown-prince-and-dallas/ |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115033206/https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/visual-arts/2019/01/27/the-story-of-a-painting-starring-leonardo-da-vinci-trump-russia-a-saudi-crown-prince-and-dallas/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Modestini proceeded to have the panel specialist Monica Griesbach chisel off a woodworm-infested [[marouflage]]d panel, which had caused the painting to break into seven pieces. Griesbach reassembled the painting with adhesive and wood slivers. In late 2006, Modestini began her restoration effort.{{sfn|Shaer|2019}} The art historian Martin Kemp was critical of the result: "Both thumbs" of the painting's raw state "are rather better than the one painted by Dianne".<ref name=wraps /> Other experts have also been critical of the extensive level of restoration undertaken by Modestini, and that it had impeded any attribution of the work (and some calling it a "contemporary work" or a "masterpiece by Modestini").<ref name=ArtNet /> In 2010, Parish and Simon added [[Warren Adelson]] to their partnership in order to cover the costs of storage and insurance.{{sfn|Shaer|2019}} From November 2011 through February 2012, the painting was exhibited at the [[National Gallery]], London, as an [[List of works by Leonardo da Vinci|autograph work by Leonardo]], after authentication by that gallery.<ref name=where /><ref name="Greene" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/media/15705/exhibition-guide_leonardo-da-vinci.pdf |title=''Leonardo da Vinci, Painter at the Court of Milan'', Leonardo da Vinci, ''Christ as Salvator Mundi'', exhibition catalogue, n.71, National Gallery, 9 November 2011b– 5 February 2012 |publisher=National Gallery|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=11 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511015643/http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/media/15705/exhibition-guide_leonardo-da-vinci.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{refn|group=n|The last Leonardo to be discovered was the ''[[Benois Madonna]]'', found in 1909.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Long-lost da Vinci painting fetches $450.3 million, an auction record for art |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/11/15/unimaginable-discovery-long-lost-da-vinci-painting-to-fetch-at-least-100-million-at-auction/ |first1=Travis M. |last1=Andrews |first2=Fred |last2=Barbash |date=16 November 2017 |access-date=5 September 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814214642/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/11/15/unimaginable-discovery-long-lost-da-vinci-painting-to-fetch-at-least-100-million-at-auction/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} The [[Dallas Museum of Art]] held the painting for the remainder of 2012 in an attempt to lure donors to purchase the painting for its collection.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Granberry |first=Michael |date=27 January 2019 |title=The story of a painting, starring Leonardo da Vinci, Trump, Russia, a Saudi crown prince and Dallas |work=[[The Dallas Morning News]] |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/visual-arts/2019/01/27/the-story-of-a-painting-starring-leonardo-da-vinci-trump-russia-a-saudi-crown-prince-and-dallas/ |access-date=14 November 2022 |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115033206/https://www.dallasnews.com/arts-entertainment/visual-arts/2019/01/27/the-story-of-a-painting-starring-leonardo-da-vinci-trump-russia-a-saudi-crown-prince-and-dallas/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, Russian billionaire [[Dmitry Rybolovlev]] turned to Swiss art dealer [[Yves Bouvier]] to acquire the painting for his collection. [[Sotheby's]] brokered the sale, earning US$3 million. Parish, Simon, and Adelson sold ''Salvator Mundi'' to Bouvier for US$80 million.{{sfn|Shaer|2019}} Bouvier lied to Rybolovlev that negotiations were ongoing.</ref> Rybolovlev paid US$127.5 million, unaware that he was purchasing the painting from Bouvier instead of its previous owners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/newly-attributed-leonardo-painting-was-sold-privately-for-over-75-million/ |title=Recently Attributed Leonardo Painting Was Sold Privately for Over $75 Million |last=Reyburn |first=Scott |date=3 March 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116190415/https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/newly-attributed-leonardo-painting-was-sold-privately-for-over-75-million|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bengro>{{cite web |last1=Grosvenor |first1=Bendor|author-link=Bendor Grosvenor |title=Salvator Mundi at heart of art fraud case |url=http://arthistorynews.com/articles/3302_Salvator_Mundi_at_heart_of_art_fraud_case |website=arthistory.com |publisher=Bendor Grosvenor|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012085102/http://arthistorynews.com/articles/3302_Salvator_Mundi_at_heart_of_art_fraud_case|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Accusé d'escroquerie, le "roi des ports francs" Yves Bouvier riposte |url=https://www.rts.ch/info/regions/geneve/6639942-accuse-descroquerie-le-roi-des-ports-francs-yves-bouvier-riposte.html |first=Gilles |last=Clémençon |website=RTS Info |language=fr |date=22 March 2015 |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101192842/https://www.rts.ch/info/regions/geneve/6639942-accuse-descroquerie-le-roi-des-ports-francs-yves-bouvier-riposte.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The price that Rybolovlev paid was therefore significantly higher, well beyond the 2 per cent commission Bouvier was supposed to receive, according to Rybolovlev himself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latribune.fr/opinions/tribunes/le-marche-de-l-art-en-quete-de-transparence-840950.html |title=Le marché de l'art en quête de transparence |website=La Tribune |date=2 March 2020 |language=fr|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305121130/https://www.latribune.fr/opinions/tribunes/le-marche-de-l-art-en-quete-de-transparence-840950.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/sothebys-and-yves-bouvier-sue-rybolovlev-in-ongoing-international-feud-1156712 |title=Sotheby's and Yves Bouvier Hit Back Against 'Salvator Mundi' Seller Rybolovlev in Ongoing Feud |date=21 November 2017 |website=artnet News |language=en-US|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617061849/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/sothebys-and-yves-bouvier-sue-rybolovlev-in-ongoing-international-feud-1156712|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.economiematin.fr/news-art-milliards-arnaque-vente-tableaux-encheres-redaction |title=Affaire Bouvier-Rybolovlev: de l'art et des milliards |work=Economie Matin |date=25 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229130434/http://www.economiematin.fr/news-art-milliards-arnaque-vente-tableaux-encheres-redaction|url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, this sale—along with several other sales Bouvier made to Rybolovlev—created a [[The Bouvier Affair|legal dispute]] between Rybolovlev and Bouvier,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Bouvier Affair. How an art-world insider made a fortune by being discreet |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/the-bouvier-affair |first=Sam |last=Knight |magazine=The New Yorker |date=31 January 2016 |access-date=5 September 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404182620/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/the-bouvier-affair |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as between the original dealers of the painting and Sotheby's. In 2016, the dealers sued Sotheby's for the difference in the sale, arguing that they were shortchanged. The auction house has denied knowing that Rybolovlev was the intended buyer, and sought to dismiss the lawsuit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-22/dispute-over-127-5-million-leonardo-painting-draws-in-sotheby-s |title=Dispute Over $127.5 Million Leonardo Painting Draws in Sotheby's |last=Kazakina |first=Katya |date=22 November 2016 |website=Bloomberg|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711171418/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-22/dispute-over-127-5-million-leonardo-painting-draws-in-sotheby-s|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Rybolovlev also sued Sotheby's for $380 million, alleging that the auction house knowingly participated in a defrauding scheme by Bouvier, in which the painting played a part.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-02/billionaire-rybolovlev-slaps-sotheby-s-with-380-million-lawsuit |title=Billionaire Slaps Sotheby's With $380 Million Lawsuit |last=Kazakina |first=Katya |date=3 October 2018 |website=Bloomberg|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807164725/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-02/billionaire-rybolovlev-slaps-sotheby-s-with-380-million-lawsuit|url-status=live}}</ref> Rybolovlev's lawyers believe email exchanges between Bouvier and Sotheby's confirmed this.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Der Milliardär und sein teurer Da Vinci |language=de |work=Tages-Anzeiger |url=https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/kunst/maennerstreit-um-kunstmillionen/story/26366992|access-date=22 May 2020 |issn=1422-9994|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419235421/https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/kunst/maennerstreit-um-kunstmillionen/story/26366992|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2024, a federal jury ruled in favor of Sotheby's, but Rybolovlev claimed credit for "shining a light on the lack of transparency that plagues the art market."<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/31/russian-billionaire-dmitry-rybolovlev-sothebys-auction-fraud-case-art-salvator-mundi Russian billionaire loses Sotheby’s fraud case over artworks including Salvator Mundi]", ''[[The Guardian]]''. January 30, 2024.</ref>

In 2013, Russian billionaire [[Dmitry Rybolovlev]] turned to Swiss art dealer [[Yves Bouvier]] to acquire the painting for his collection. [[Sotheby's]] brokered the sale, earning US$3 million. Parish, Simon, and Adelson sold ''Salvator Mundi'' to Bouvier for US$80 million.{{sfn|Shaer|2019}} Bouvier lied to Rybolovlev that negotiations were ongoing.<ref>''The Lost Leonardo''. Directed by Andreas Koefoed. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2021.</ref> Rybolovlev paid US$127.5 million, unaware that he was purchasing the painting from Bouvier instead of its previous owners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/newly-attributed-leonardo-painting-was-sold-privately-for-over-75-million/ |title=Recently Attributed Leonardo Painting Was Sold Privately for Over $75 Million |last=Reyburn |first=Scott |date=3 March 2014 |work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116190415/https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/03/newly-attributed-leonardo-painting-was-sold-privately-for-over-75-million|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bengro>{{cite web |last1=Grosvenor |first1=Bendor|author-link=Bendor Grosvenor |title=Salvator Mundi at heart of art fraud case |url=http://arthistorynews.com/articles/3302_Salvator_Mundi_at_heart_of_art_fraud_case |website=arthistory.com |publisher=Bendor Grosvenor|access-date=12 March 2015|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012085102/http://arthistorynews.com/articles/3302_Salvator_Mundi_at_heart_of_art_fraud_case|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Accusé d'escroquerie, le "roi des ports francs" Yves Bouvier riposte |url=https://www.rts.ch/info/regions/geneve/6639942-accuse-descroquerie-le-roi-des-ports-francs-yves-bouvier-riposte.html |first=Gilles |last=Clémençon |website=RTS Info |language=fr |date=22 March 2015 |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101192842/https://www.rts.ch/info/regions/geneve/6639942-accuse-descroquerie-le-roi-des-ports-francs-yves-bouvier-riposte.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The price that Rybolovlev paid was therefore significantly higher, well beyond the 2 per cent commission Bouvier was supposed to receive, according to Rybolovlev himself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latribune.fr/opinions/tribunes/le-marche-de-l-art-en-quete-de-transparence-840950.html |title=Le marché de l'art en quête de transparence |website=La Tribune |date=2 March 2020 |language=fr|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=5 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305121130/https://www.latribune.fr/opinions/tribunes/le-marche-de-l-art-en-quete-de-transparence-840950.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/sothebys-and-yves-bouvier-sue-rybolovlev-in-ongoing-international-feud-1156712 |title=Sotheby's and Yves Bouvier Hit Back Against 'Salvator Mundi' Seller Rybolovlev in Ongoing Feud |date=21 November 2017 |website=artnet News |language=en-US|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617061849/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/sothebys-and-yves-bouvier-sue-rybolovlev-in-ongoing-international-feud-1156712|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.economiematin.fr/news-art-milliards-arnaque-vente-tableaux-encheres-redaction |title=Affaire Bouvier-Rybolovlev: de l'art et des milliards |work=Economie Matin |date=25 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=10 April 2020|archive-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229130434/http://www.economiematin.fr/news-art-milliards-arnaque-vente-tableaux-encheres-redaction|url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, this sale—along with several other sales Bouvier made to Rybolovlev—created a [[The Bouvier Affair|legal dispute]] between Rybolovlev and Bouvier,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The Bouvier Affair. How an art-world insider made a fortune by being discreet |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/the-bouvier-affair |first=Sam |last=Knight |magazine=The New Yorker |date=31 January 2016 |access-date=5 September 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404182620/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/02/08/the-bouvier-affair |url-status=live}}</ref> as well as between the original dealers of the painting and Sotheby's. In 2016, the dealers sued Sotheby's for the difference in the sale, arguing that they were shortchanged. The auction house has denied knowing that Rybolovlev was the intended buyer, and sought to dismiss the lawsuit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-22/dispute-over-127-5-million-leonardo-painting-draws-in-sotheby-s |title=Dispute Over $127.5 Million Leonardo Painting Draws in Sotheby's |last=Kazakina |first=Katya |date=22 November 2016 |website=Bloomberg|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711171418/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-22/dispute-over-127-5-million-leonardo-painting-draws-in-sotheby-s|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Rybolovlev also sued Sotheby's for $380 million, alleging that the auction house knowingly participated in a defrauding scheme by Bouvier, in which the painting played a part.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-02/billionaire-rybolovlev-slaps-sotheby-s-with-380-million-lawsuit |title=Billionaire Slaps Sotheby's With $380 Million Lawsuit |last=Kazakina |first=Katya |date=3 October 2018 |website=Bloomberg|access-date=8 April 2019|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807164725/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-02/billionaire-rybolovlev-slaps-sotheby-s-with-380-million-lawsuit|url-status=live}}</ref> Rybolovlev's lawyers believe email exchanges between Bouvier and Sotheby's confirmed this.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Der Milliardär und sein teurer Da Vinci |language=de |work=Tages-Anzeiger |url=https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/kunst/maennerstreit-um-kunstmillionen/story/26366992|access-date=22 May 2020 |issn=1422-9994|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419235421/https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/kultur/kunst/maennerstreit-um-kunstmillionen/story/26366992|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2024, a federal jury ruled in favor of Sotheby's, but Rybolovlev claimed credit for "shining a light on the lack of transparency that plagues the art market."<ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2024/jan/31/russian-billionaire-dmitry-rybolovlev-sothebys-auction-fraud-case-art-salvator-mundi Russian billionaire loses Sotheby’s fraud case over artworks including Salvator Mundi]", ''[[The Guardian]]''. January 30, 2024.</ref>

=== 2017 Christie's auction to present ===

=== 2017 Christie's auction to present ===