Paul Gorguloff

==Early life==

==Early life==

Gorguloff was born in [[Labinsk]]aya in the [[Kuban]] region of Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Дом-музей Марины Цветаевой - Биографический словарь РОССИЙСКОЕ ЗАРУБЕЖЬЕ ВО ФРАНЦИИ |url=https://dommuseum.ru/old/index.php?m=dist&as=1884 |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=dommuseum.ru}}</ref> He was abandoned after birth, with the possibility that his reported birth date (coinciding with the [[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul|feast day of his namesake]]) was actually the date he was found. He was adopted on 31 January 1902 by Timofey Nikolaevich Gorgulov, a [[Cossacks|Cossack]] [[stanitsa]] chief,<ref>Aleksandr Lazko. Человек из бессонницы Ф. М. // «Труд», (24 January 2002)</ref> and Varvara Astakhova;<ref name=":0" /> the names of his parents were [[Francization|francised]] to "Timothée Gorgouloff" and "Barbe Astakhoff" in his marriage record.<ref>Registre d'état civil de Boulogne-Billancourt (1931), Archives municipales de Boulogne-Billancourt.</ref> Beginning in 1913, Gorguloff studied medicine at Yekaterinodar military paramedic school and later [[Moscow State University|Moscow University]]'s [[MSU Faculty of Fundamental Medicine|medical faculty]]. He served in [[World War I]] in which he was badly wounded when grenade shrapnel injured his head, after which he was demobilised and resumed his studies at [[Rostov State Medical University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Janouin-Benanti |first=Serge |title=Les médecins criminels : Dr Petiot et Cie |year=2016 |isbn=979-1095826637 |pages= |language=fr}}</ref> In 1916, Gorguloff contracted [[syphilis]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Millington |first=Chris |title=The Invention of Terrorism in France, 1904-1939 |date=26 September 2023 |isbn=978-1503636767}}</ref>

Gorguloff was born in [[Labinsk]]aya in the [[Kuban]] region of Russia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Дом-музей Марины Цветаевой - Биографический словарь РОССИЙСКОЕ ЗАРУБЕЖЬЕ ВО ФРАНЦИИ |url=https://dommuseum.ru/old/index.php?m=dist&as=1884 |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=dommuseum.ru}}</ref> He was abandoned after birth, with the possibility that his reported birth date (coinciding with the [[Feast of Saints Peter and Paul|feast day of his namesake]]) was actually the date he was found. On 31 January 1902, the local [[ataman]], Yakov Dmitrievich Malama, arranged for the boy's adoption by Timofey Nikolaevich Gorgulov, a [[Cossacks|Cossack]] [[stanitsa]] chief,<ref>Aleksandr Lazko. Человек из бессонницы Ф. М. // «Труд», (24 January 2002)</ref> and Varvara Astakhova;<ref name=":0" /> the names of his parents were [[Francization|francised]] to "Timothée Gorgouloff" and "Barbe Astakhoff" in his marriage record.<ref>Registre d'état civil de Boulogne-Billancourt (1931), Archives municipales de Boulogne-Billancourt.</ref> Beginning in 1913, Gorguloff studied medicine at Yekaterinodar military paramedic school and later [[Moscow State University|Moscow University]]'s [[MSU Faculty of Fundamental Medicine|medical faculty]]. He served in [[World War I]] in which he was badly wounded when grenade shrapnel injured his head, after which he was demobilised and resumed his studies at [[Rostov State Medical University]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Janouin-Benanti |first=Serge |title=Les médecins criminels : Dr Petiot et Cie |year=2016 |isbn=979-1095826637 |pages= |language=fr}}</ref> In 1916, Gorguloff contracted [[syphilis]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Millington |first=Chris |title=The Invention of Terrorism in France, 1904-1939 |date=26 September 2023 |isbn=978-1503636767}}</ref>

During the [[Russian Revolution]], he served as a nurse with the [[White movement|White Russian Army]] against the [[Bolsheviks]], spending time in Kuban and [[Crimea]]. By 1921, he reportedly served under [[Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz]]'s army in [[Minsk]] and later [[Warsaw]], as a subordinate of [[Boris Savinkov]], before leaving the territories for Czechoslovakia, leaving behind his first wife.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chumachenko |first=V.K. |title=Жизнь и творчество писателя-террориста Павла Горгулова |date=2002 |language=ru}}</ref>

During the [[Russian Revolution]], he served as a nurse with the [[White movement|White Russian Army]] against the [[Bolsheviks]], spending time in Kuban and [[Crimea]]. By 1921, he reportedly served under [[Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz]]'s army in [[Minsk]] and later [[Warsaw]], as a subordinate of [[Boris Savinkov]], before leaving the territories for Czechoslovakia, leaving behind his first wife.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Chumachenko |first=V.K. |title=Жизнь и творчество писателя-террориста Павла Горгулова |date=2002 |language=ru}}</ref>

Between 1925 and 1930, Gorguloff resided in Czechoslovakia illegally until he received a [[nansen passport]]. He completed his studies at [[Charles University]] in 1926 and lived in [[Přerov]] and [[Hodonín]] for the next two years, performing [[Abortion|abortions]], which was illegal at the time.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Accoce |first=Pierre |title=Ces assassins qui ont voulu changer l'Histoire |date=31 December 1998 |isbn=978-2259240352 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Gorguloff married twice, each marriage ending in divorce, with both ex-wives citing domestic abuse. He supposedly founded a political party, the Peasant All-Russian People's Green Party ("Крестьянской Всероссийской Народной Партии Зеленых"), of which he was the only member, and self-published a magazine, Skif ("Скиф"), based out of [[Olomouc]], writing three issues under the pseudonym "Paul Berd".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuznetsov |first=Vyacheslav |title=Верхнеудинск. 1930—1934. История города Верхнеудинска в первой половине 1930-х годов |date=31 July 2020 |isbn=978-5042724121 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>Побережье (1998), Vol 6; p.211</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sencha |first=Viktor |title=Марина Цветаева. Рябина – судьбина горькая |date=18 January 2021 |isbn=978-5043065209 |language=ru}}</ref>

Between 1925 and 1930, Gorguloff resided in Czechoslovakia illegally until he received a [[Nansen passport]]. He completed his studies at [[Charles University]] in 1926 and lived in [[Přerov]] and [[Hodonín]] for the next two years, performing [[Abortion|abortions]], which was illegal at the time.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Accoce |first=Pierre |title=Ces assassins qui ont voulu changer l'Histoire |date=31 December 1998 |isbn=978-2259240352 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Gorguloff married twice, each marriage ending in divorce, with both ex-wives citing domestic abuse. He supposedly founded a political party, the Peasant All-Russian People's Green Party ("Крестьянской Всероссийской Народной Партии Зеленых"), of which he was the only member, and self-published a magazine, Skif ("Скиф"), based out of [[Olomouc]], writing three issues under the pseudonym "Paul Berd".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuznetsov |first=Vyacheslav |title=Верхнеудинск. 1930—1934. История города Верхнеудинска в первой половине 1930-х годов |date=31 July 2020 |isbn=978-5042724121 |language=ru}}</ref><ref>Побережье (1998), Vol 6; p.211</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sencha |first=Viktor |title=Марина Цветаева. Рябина – судьбина горькая |date=18 January 2021 |isbn=978-5043065209 |language=ru}}</ref>

Between 1928 and 1930, Gorguloff lost his medical practice licence in [[Moravia]] for medical malpractice, relating to drunkeness, dubious work ethic, his illegal abortion service, which had been linked to several deaths, and accusations of rape by two of his patients. Facing imminent expulsion from Czechoslovakia, he subsequently arrived in France on 12 July 1930 on a twelve-day travel visa, first with the intention of gaining citizenship through service in the [[French Foreign Legion]], but remained undetected in Paris for the next 18 months. Living in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]], Gorguloff earned an income by acting as a doctor to the city's Russian community, as his Russian and Czechoslovakian diplomas were not recognised. On 18 July of the same year, he married Anne-Maria Geng, a Swiss woman from [[Winterthur]], who was pregnant with his child at the time of his trial.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Wrightson |first=Graham |title=Terrorism Through the Ages |date=14 August 2023 |isbn=978-9004548466}}</ref>

Between 1928 and 1930, Gorguloff lost his medical practice licence in [[Moravia]] for medical malpractice, relating to drunkeness, dubious work ethic, his illegal abortion service, which had been linked to several deaths, and accusations of rape by two of his patients. Facing imminent expulsion from Czechoslovakia, he subsequently arrived in France on 12 July 1930 on a twelve-day travel visa, first with the intention of gaining citizenship through service in the [[French Foreign Legion]], but remained undetected in Paris for the next 18 months. Living in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]], Gorguloff earned an income by acting as a doctor to the city's Russian community, as his Russian and Czechoslovakian diplomas were not recognised. On 18 July of the same year, he married Anne-Maria Geng, a Swiss woman from [[Winterthur]], who was pregnant with his child at the time of his trial.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Wrightson |first=Graham |title=Terrorism Through the Ages |date=14 August 2023 |isbn=978-9004548466}}</ref>