Ottoman Empire

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* {{harvnb|Somel|2010|p=xcvii}}</ref>

While the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a [[Ottoman Decline Thesis|period of decline]] after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. However, during a period of peace from 1740 to 1768, Ottoman military and bureaucratic systems fell behind those of its chief European rivals, the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] and [[Russian Empire|Russian]] empires. The Ottomans suffered military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the [[Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire|both territory]] and [[Sick man of Europe|global prestige]]. With [[Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire|rising nationalism]], a number of new states emerged in the Balkans. Following {{Transliteration|ota|[[Tanzimat]]}} reforms over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became more powerful and organized internally. In the [[1876 Ottoman Revolution|1876 revolution]], the Ottoman Empire attempted [[First Constitutional Era|constitutional monarchy]], before reverting to a royalist dictatorship under [[Abdul Hamid II]], following the [[Great Eastern Crisis]].

While the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a [[Ottoman Decline Thesis|period of decline]] after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. However, during a period of peace from 1740 to 1768, Ottoman military and bureaucratic systems fell behind those of its chief European rivals, the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] and [[Russian Empire|Russian]] empires. The Ottomans suffered military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the loss of [[Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire|both territory]] and [[Sick man of Europe|global prestige]]. With [[Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire|rising nationalism]], a number of new states emerged in the Balkans. Following {{Transliteration|ota|[[Tanzimat]]}} reforms over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became more powerful and organized internally. In the [[1876 Ottoman Revolution|1876 revolution]], the Ottoman Empire attempted [[First Constitutional Era|constitutional monarchy]], before reverting to a royalist dictatorship under [[Abdul Hamid II]], following the [[Great Eastern Crisis]].

Over the course of the late 19th century, Ottoman intellectuals known as [[Young Turks]] sought to liberalize and rationalize society and politics along Western lines, culminating in the [[Young Turk Revolution]] of 1908 led by the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP), which reestablished [[Second Constitutional Era|a constitutional monarchy]]. However, following the disastrous [[Balkan Wars]], the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic, [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état|leading a coup d'état in 1913]] that established a dictatorship.

Over the course of the late 19th century, Ottoman intellectuals known as [[Young Turks]] sought to liberalize and rationalize society and politics along Western lines, culminating in the [[Young Turk Revolution]] of 1908 led by the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] (CUP), which reestablished [[Second Constitutional Era|a constitutional monarchy]]. However, following the disastrous [[Balkan Wars]], the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic, [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état|leading a coup d'état in 1913]] that established a dictatorship.