Otho (beetle)

=== Head ===

=== Head ===

The [[Clypeus|frontoclypeal]] region's apical margin has a minuscule [[wiktionary:trilobed|trilobed]] division. The area is twice as wide at the apex as between the antennal sockets. The antennae are 11-segmented.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Erichson |first1=Dr. W. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNvW6aEouQ0C |title=Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands |last2=Schaum |first2=Dr. H. |last3=Kraatz |first3=Dr. G. |last4=von Kiesenwetter |first4=H. |date=1863 |publisher=Nicolaische Buchhandlung |volume=4 |location=Berlin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Redtenbacher |first=Ludwig |url=https://archive.org/details/faunaaustriacadi00redt |title=Fauna austriaca. Die Käfer |publisher=Carl Gerold's Sohn |year=1874 |edition=3rd |location=Wien |pages=527 |language=de}}</ref> The shape of the antennae can either be [[wiktionary:pectinate|pectinate]] or [[wiktionary:flabellate|flabellate]]/strongly [[serrate]] in segments IV-X.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Seunghwan |url=https://www.nibr.go.kr/aiibook/catImage/166/Insect%20Fauna%20of%20Korea%2012_25E.pdf |title=Insect Fauna of Korea: Eucnemidae |last2=Seung |first2=Jinbae |publisher=National Institute of Biological Resources |year=2019 |edition=25 |volume=12 |pages=18}}</ref> The [[antennomeres]] II and III are short in length and subequal. They are short enough to measure shorter combined than antennomere IV.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Otto |first=Robert L. |date=April 2016 |title=The False Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae) of Laos |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303985566 |journal=Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey |volume=35 |pages=192}}</ref> A medio-longitudinal keel spans the frons, sometimes along with the vertex and clypeus.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Seidlitz |first=Dr. Georg |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/214749 |title=Fauna transsylvanica: die kaefer (Coleoptera) Siebenbürgens |publisher=Hartungsche Verlagsdruckerei |year=1891 |location=Königsberg |publication-date=1891}}</ref> The epistome is strongly narrowed. On the sides, it is bordered by a thin keel, meanwhile anteriorly, it is sinuous in the middle.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last1=Du Val |first1=Jacquelin |url=https://archive.org/details/generadescolop3185963jacq |title=Genera des coléoptères d'Europe : comprenant leur classification en familles naturelles, la description de tous les genres, des tableaux dichotomiques destinés à faciliter l'étude, le catalogue de toutes les espèces, de nombreux dessins au trait de caractères |last2=Fairmaire |first2=L. |last3=Migneaux |first3=Jules |publisher=A, Deyrolle, Naturaliste |year=1859–1863 |volume=3 |location=Paris |pages=120, 122 |language=fr}}</ref> The last segment of the maxillary palps is securiform.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Frivaldsky |first=János-tól |date=1879 |title=A Magyarországi Eucnemidae-Félék (Eucnemidae Hungariae.) |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97484 |journal=Természetrajzi Füzetek kiadja a Magyar nemzeti Muzeum |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=228 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref>

The [[Clypeus|frontoclypeal]] region's apical margin has a minuscule [[wiktionary:trilobed|trilobed]] division. The area is twice as wide at the apex as between the antennal sockets. The antennae are 11-segmented.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Erichson |first1=Dr. W. F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNvW6aEouQ0C |title=Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands |last2=Schaum |first2=Dr. H. |last3=Kraatz |first3=Dr. G. |last4=von Kiesenwetter |first4=H. |date=1863 |publisher=Nicolaische Buchhandlung |volume=4 |location=Berlin |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Redtenbacher |first=Ludwig |url=https://archive.org/details/faunaaustriacadi00redt |title=Fauna austriaca. Die Käfer |publisher=Carl Gerold's Sohn |year=1874 |edition=3rd |location=Wien |pages=527 |language=de}}</ref> The shape of the antennae can either be [[wiktionary:pectinate|pectinate]] or [[wiktionary:flabellate|flabellate]]/strongly [[serrate]] in segments IV-X.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Seunghwan |url=https://www.nibr.go.kr/aiibook/catImage/166/Insect%20Fauna%20of%20Korea%2012_25E.pdf |title=Insect Fauna of Korea: Eucnemidae |last2=Seung |first2=Jinbae |publisher=National Institute of Biological Resources |year=2019 |edition=25 |volume=12 |pages=18}}</ref> The [[antennomeres]] II and III are short in length and subequal. They are short enough to measure shorter combined than antennomere IV.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Otto |first=Robert L. |date=April 2016 |title=The False Click Beetles (Coleoptera: Eucnemidae) of Laos |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303985566 |journal=Entomologica Basiliensia et Collectionis Frey |volume=35 |pages=192}}</ref> A medio-longitudinal keel spans the [[frons]], sometimes along with the [[Vertex (anatomy)|vertex]] and [[clypeus]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Seidlitz |first=Dr. Georg |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/214749 |title=Fauna transsylvanica: die kaefer (Coleoptera) Siebenbürgens |publisher=Hartungsche Verlagsdruckerei |year=1891 |location=Königsberg |publication-date=1891 |language=de}}</ref> The epistome (part directly behind the [[Labrum (arthropod mouthpart)|labrum]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=de la Torre-Bueno |first=J. R. |url=https://extensionentomology.tamu.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2021/03/The-Torre-Bueno-Glossary-of-Entomology.pdf |title=The Torre-Bueno Glossary of Entomology |last2=Tulloch |first2=George S. |publisher=The New York Entomological Society |year=1989 |editor-last=Nichols |editor-first=Stephen W. |edition=2nd |editor-last2=Schuh |editor-first2=Randall T.}}</ref>) is strongly narrowed. On the sides, it is bordered by a thin keel, meanwhile anteriorly, it is sinuous in the middle.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last1=Du Val |first1=Jacquelin |url=https://archive.org/details/generadescolop3185963jacq |title=Genera des coléoptères d'Europe : comprenant leur classification en familles naturelles, la description de tous les genres, des tableaux dichotomiques destinés à faciliter l'étude, le catalogue de toutes les espèces, de nombreux dessins au trait de caractères |last2=Fairmaire |first2=L. |last3=Migneaux |first3=Jules |publisher=A, Deyrolle, Naturaliste |year=1859–1863 |volume=3 |location=Paris |pages=120, 122 |language=fr}}</ref> The last segment of the [[Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)|maxillary]] [[wiktionary:palp|palps]] is securiform.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Frivaldsky |first=János-tól |date=1879 |title=A Magyarországi Eucnemidae-Félék (Eucnemidae Hungariae.) |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97484 |journal=Természetrajzi Füzetek kiadja a Magyar nemzeti Muzeum |language=hu |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=228 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}</ref>

=== Thorax ===

=== Thorax ===

== Phylogeny and evolution ==

== Phylogeny and evolution ==

In Jyrki Elias Muona's [[phylogeny]] of Eucnemidae based on male genitalia, ''Otho'' is one of the 15 genera that fall under Melasis, the first of the six groups in the system. This group's genitalia are characterized by a free median lobe and short and stout median struts often present. Muona's classification relates ''Otho'' with ''Hemiopsida'', ''Phlegon'', ''[[Epiphanis]]'', ''Ceratotaxia, [[Isorhipis|Isoriphis]]'', ''[[Melasis]]'', ''[[Xylophilus (beetle)|Xylophilus]]'', ''Bioxylus'', ''[[Hylochares]]'', ''Phyllocerus'', ''Anelastes'', ''Palaeoxenus'', ''[[Hylis]]'', ''and Euryptychus''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muona |first=Jyrki Elias |title=Classification and Nomenclature of the Beetle Family Eucnemidae |publisher=U. of Calif., Davis |year=1981 |pages=19}}</ref> ''Otho'' is also included in the Zhang et al. 2018 [[cladogram]] of Coleoptera, where it is the [[sister group]] to ''Hemiopsida'' and has ''Anischia'' as its [[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Shao-Qian |last2=Che |first2=Li-Heng |last3=Li |first3=Yun |last4=Liang |first4=Dan |last5=Pang |first5=Hong |last6=Ślipiński |first6=Adam |last7=Peng |first7=Zhang |date=15 January 2018 |title=Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02644-4|pmid=29335414 |pmc=5768713 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..205Z }}</ref> Muona's (1991) study of Asian and Pacific Eucnemidae, with a focus on the [[Laurasia]]-[[Gondwana]] break-up model, divides Otho into two groups. One has the more northern ''Otho sphondyloides'' and the other has the Vietnamese ''Otho coomani'' and four other southern species. Muona categorizes the Otho genus as one of six Laurasian invaders. He speculates that the Laurasian branch came first and colonized the south. This eventually gave rise to the southern branch.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muona |first=J |date=3 September 1991 |title=The eucnemidae of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific — a biogeographical study |url=https://www.academia.edu/116031524 |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |volume=4|issue=1 |page=165 |doi=10.1071/SB9910165 |bibcode=1991AuSyB...4..165M }}</ref>

In Jyrki Elias Muona's [[phylogeny]] of Eucnemidae based on male genitalia, ''Otho'' is one of the 15 genera that fall under Melasis, the first of the six groups in the system. This group's genitalia are characterized by a free median lobe and short and stout median struts often present. Muona's classification relates ''Otho'' with ''Hemiopsida'', ''Phlegon'', ''[[Epiphanis]]'', ''Ceratotaxia, [[Isorhipis|Isoriphis]]'', ''[[Melasis]]'', ''[[Xylophilus (beetle)|Xylophilus]]'', ''Bioxylus'', ''[[Hylochares]]'', ''Phyllocerus'', ''Anelastes'', ''Palaeoxenus'', ''[[Hylis]]'', ''and Euryptychus''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muona |first=Jyrki Elias |title=Classification and Nomenclature of the Beetle Family Eucnemidae |publisher=U. of Calif., Davis |year=1981 |pages=19}}</ref> ''Otho'' is also included in the Zhang et al. 2018 [[cladogram]] of Coleoptera, where it is the [[sister group]] to ''Hemiopsida'' and has ''Anischia'' as its [[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Shao-Qian |last2=Che |first2=Li-Heng |last3=Li |first3=Yun |last4=Liang |first4=Dan |last5=Pang |first5=Hong |last6=Ślipiński |first6=Adam |last7=Peng |first7=Zhang |date=15 January 2018 |title=Evolutionary history of Coleoptera revealed by extensive sampling of genes and species |journal=Nature Communications |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=3 |doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02644-4|pmid=29335414 |pmc=5768713 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9..205Z }}</ref> Muona's (1991) study of Asian and Pacific Eucnemidae, with a focus on the [[Laurasia]]-[[Gondwana]] break-up model, divides Otho into two groups. One has the more northern ''Otho sphondyloides'' and the other has the Vietnamese ''Otho coomani'' and four other southern species. Muona categorizes the Otho genus as one of six Laurasian invaders. He speculates that the Laurasian branch came first and [[Colonisation (biology)|colonized]] the south. This eventually gave rise to the southern branch.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muona |first=J |date=3 September 1991 |title=The eucnemidae of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific — a biogeographical study |url=https://www.academia.edu/116031524 |journal=Australian Systematic Botany |volume=4|issue=1 |page=165 |doi=10.1071/SB9910165 |bibcode=1991AuSyB...4..165M }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==

== Taxonomy ==