Nanakshahi calendar

==== Bikrami ====

==== Bikrami ====

The Bikrami calendar, also known as ''Malwa Sammat'', which was historically used by Sikhs is luni-solar, where the year is determined by time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution whilst the month is determined by both solar and lunar divisions.<ref name=":1" /> The week is divided into seven days.<ref name=":1" /> The day is traditionally divided into ''jam'' or ''pahir'' (1/8th of a day), ''ghari'' (1/8th of a ''pahir''), and ''pal'' (1/60th of a ''ghari'').<ref name=":1" /> However, Western influence has meant the divisions of the day have been replaced with the hour-minute-second system.<ref name=":1" /> The solar-bikrami calendar begins on the first day of the month of Baisakh whilst the lunar-bikrami calendar begins on the day following no-moon (known as ''amāvas'') of the month of Chet.<ref name=":1" /> The months of the calendar in-order are: Chet, Baisakh, Jeth, Har, Savan, Bhadon, Assu, Kattak, Maghar, Poh, Magh, and Phagun.<ref name=":1" /> The solar-calendar's months, known as ''parvishte'', follow consecutively throughout the month.<ref name=":1" /> The lunar-months are divided into two halves, which are known as ''paksas'', with the two halves being dark (''krishan'') and shukal (''shukal'').<ref name=":1" /> The beginning of a lunar-month is marked on the day following the ''puranmashi'' (full-moon).<ref name=":1" /> In-regards to dates, which are known as ''tithi'' or ''thit'', the first half are given the prefix of ''vadi'' for 1–14 or 15, while dates of the remaining half are prefixed by the term ''sudi''.<ref name=":1" /> Solar Bikrami years are 365 days-long, with the four year cycle consisting of three-years that are 365 days long and one year that is 366 days long.<ref name=":1" /> The Lunar Bikrami years are 254 days long due to the Moon's revolution around the Earth only being twenty-nine and a half days.<ref name=":1" /> To account for this difference in annual length, every three lunar-years, a lunar-month named ''laund'' or ''adhik'' (intercalary or embolismal) is repeated to keep both the solar and lunar Bikrami calendars alligned to one another.<ref name=":1" /> The dates of the solar calendar were divided into twelve zodiac signs.<ref name=":1" /> The Bikrami calendar is popularly seen as beginning during the reign of [[Vikramaditya|Raja Vikramaditya]] (known as ''Bikramajit'' in Punjabi) of [[Ujjain]].<ref name=":1" /> Its reference epoch is 57 BCE.<ref name=":1" /> The calendar is abbreviated as Bk., V.S., or S.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire |date=Feb 7, 2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199931439 |pages=xxiii |chapter=Note on Orthography}}</ref> Whilst the calendar notation is commonly abbreviated as ''V.S.'' ("Vikram Samvat"), another alternative abbreviation is ''Bk.'' ("Bikrami") or simply as ''S.'' ("Sammat").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doornenbal |first=Marius Albert |title=A Grammar of Bantawa: Grammar, Paradigm Tables, Glossary and Texts of a Rai Language of Eastern Nepal |publisher=LOT |year=2009 |isbn=9789460930089 |pages=XV |quote=V.S. The abbreviation V.S stands for Vikram Samvat, which is the calendar system current in Nepal. This calendar system is 56 or 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, with New Year falling around the 14th of April. Vikram Samwat 2055, for example, was from April 1998 to April 1999.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=Aug 15, 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135797607 |edition=reprint |pages=53–54 |quote=Some Sikh authors use the Samvat era for dating purposes but mostly the Gregorian calendar and Common Era have been adopted, sometimes with Samvat, abbreviated to S, or Bikrami, Bk, provided in brackets. For example, the birth of Guru Nanak according to the Bala janam sakhi which is the basis for celebrating it in October/November may be given as Kartik (or the alternative form, Kattak), puranmashi, S 1526, or 20 October, 1469 C.E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |location=Patiala |pages=xvii |chapter=Dates – Abbreviations}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The Bk. abbreviation is often used by [[Punjabis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |year=1997 |pages=42 |quote=BIKRAMI SAMMAT: - A Calendar named after a Hindu king Vikramaditya. In Punjabi Vikrami is pronounced as Bikrami. Its abbreviation is Bk.}}</ref>

The Bikrami calendar, also known as ''Malwa Sammat'', which was historically used by Sikhs is luni-solar, where the year is determined by time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution whilst the month is determined by both solar and lunar divisions.<ref name=":1" /> The week is divided into seven days.<ref name=":1" /> The day is traditionally divided into ''jam'' or ''pahir'' (1/8th of a day), ''ghari'' (1/8th of a ''pahir''), and ''pal'' (1/60th of a ''ghari'').<ref name=":1" /> However, Western influence has meant the divisions of the day have been replaced with the hour-minute-second system.<ref name=":1" /> The solar-bikrami calendar begins on the first day of the month of Baisakh whilst the lunar-bikrami calendar begins on the day following no-moon (known as ''amāvas'') of the month of Chet.<ref name=":1" /> The months of the calendar in-order are: Chet, Baisakh, Jeth, Har, Savan, Bhadon, Assu, Kattak, Maghar, Poh, Magh, and Phagun.<ref name=":1" /> Dates of the solar-calendar's months, known as ''parvishte'', follow consecutively throughout the month.<ref name=":1" /> The lunar-months are divided into two halves, which are known as ''paksas'', with the two halves being dark (''krishan'') and shukal (''shukal'').<ref name=":1" /> The beginning of a lunar-month is marked on the day following the ''puranmashi'' (full-moon).<ref name=":1" /> In-regards to dates, which are known as ''tithi'' or ''thit'', the first half are given the prefix of ''vadi'' for 1–14 or 15, while dates of the remaining half are prefixed by the term ''sudi''.<ref name=":1" /> Solar Bikrami years are 365 days-long, with the four year cycle consisting of three-years that are 365 days long and one year that is 366 days long.<ref name=":1" /> The Lunar Bikrami years are 254 days long due to the Moon's revolution around the Earth only being twenty-nine and a half days.<ref name=":1" /> To account for this difference in annual length, every three lunar-years, a lunar-month named ''laund'' or ''adhik'' (intercalary or embolismal) is repeated to keep both the solar and lunar Bikrami calendars alligned to one another.<ref name=":1" /> The dates of the solar calendar were divided into twelve zodiac signs.<ref name=":1" /> The Bikrami calendar is popularly seen as beginning during the reign of [[Vikramaditya|Raja Vikramaditya]] (known as ''Bikramajit'' in Punjabi) of [[Ujjain]].<ref name=":1" /> Its reference epoch is 57 BCE.<ref name=":1" /> The calendar is abbreviated as Bk., V.S., or S.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire |date=Feb 7, 2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199931439 |pages=xxiii |chapter=Note on Orthography}}</ref> Whilst the calendar notation is commonly abbreviated as ''V.S.'' ("Vikram Samvat"), another alternative abbreviation is ''Bk.'' ("Bikrami") or simply as ''S.'' ("Sammat").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doornenbal |first=Marius Albert |title=A Grammar of Bantawa: Grammar, Paradigm Tables, Glossary and Texts of a Rai Language of Eastern Nepal |publisher=LOT |year=2009 |isbn=9789460930089 |pages=XV |quote=V.S. The abbreviation V.S stands for Vikram Samvat, which is the calendar system current in Nepal. This calendar system is 56 or 57 years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, with New Year falling around the 14th of April. Vikram Samwat 2055, for example, was from April 1998 to April 1999.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy |last2=Sambhi |first2=Piara Singh |date=Aug 15, 2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135797607 |edition=reprint |pages=53–54 |quote=Some Sikh authors use the Samvat era for dating purposes but mostly the Gregorian calendar and Common Era have been adopted, sometimes with Samvat, abbreviated to S, or Bikrami, Bk, provided in brackets. For example, the birth of Guru Nanak according to the Bala janam sakhi which is the basis for celebrating it in October/November may be given as Kartik (or the alternative form, Kattak), puranmashi, S 1526, or 20 October, 1469 C.E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |location=Patiala |pages=xvii |chapter=Dates – Abbreviations}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The Bk. abbreviation is often used by [[Punjabis]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |year=1997 |pages=42 |quote=BIKRAMI SAMMAT: - A Calendar named after a Hindu king Vikramaditya. In Punjabi Vikrami is pronounced as Bikrami. Its abbreviation is Bk.}}</ref>

==== Hijri ====

==== Hijri ====