Manchu people

=== Modern times ===

=== Modern times ===

[[File:载涛.jpg|thumb|upright|Prince [[Zaitao]] dresses in modern reformed uniform of late Qing dynasty]]

[[File:载涛.jpg|thumb|upright|Prince [[Zaitao]] dresses in modern reformed uniform of late Qing dynasty]]

The majority of the hundreds of thousands of people living in inner Beijing during the Qing were Manchus and Mongol bannermen from the [[Eight Banners]] after they were moved there in 1644, since Han Chinese were expelled and not allowed to re-enter the inner part of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ransmeier |first1=Johanna S. |title=Sold People: Traffickers and Family Life in North China |date=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674971974 |page=91 |edition=illustrated |url={{Google books|Qj1YDgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhoads |first1=Edward J. M. |title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |date=2017 |publisher=University of Washington Press |series=Studies on Ethnic Groups in China |isbn=978-0295997483 |page=38 |url={{Google books|OXQkDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Fu |first1=Chonglan |last2=Cao |first2=Wenming |title=An Urban History of China |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |location=China Connections |isbn=978-9811382116 |page=83 |url={{Google books|YDulDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Only after the "[[Hundred Days' Reform|Hundred Days Reform]]", during the reign of emperor [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]], were Han were allowed to re-enter inner Beijing.<ref name=":0" />

The majority of the hundreds of thousands of people living in inner Beijing during the Qing were Manchus and Mongol bannermen from the [[Eight Banners]] after they were moved there in 1644, since Han Chinese were expelled and not allowed to re-enter the inner part of the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ransmeier |first1=Johanna S. |title=Sold People: Traffickers and Family Life in North China |date=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674971974 |page=91 |edition=illustrated |url={{Google books|Qj1YDgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhoads |first1=Edward J. M. |title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |date=2017 |publisher=University of Washington Press |series=Studies on Ethnic Groups in China |isbn=978-0295997483 |page=38 |url={{Google books|OXQkDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Fu |first1=Chonglan |last2=Cao |first2=Wenming |title=An Urban History of China |date=2019 |publisher=Springer |location=China Connections |isbn=978-9811382116 |page=83 |url={{Google books|YDulDwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> Only after the "[[Hundred Days' Reform|Hundred Days Reform]]", during the reign of emperor [[Guangxu Emperor|Guangxu]], Han were allowed to re-enter inner Beijing.<ref name=":0" />

Many Manchu Bannermen in Beijing supported the [[Yìhéquán|Boxers]] in the [[Boxer Rebellion]] and shared their anti-foreign sentiment.<ref name=orphanwarriors/> The Manchu Bannermen were devastated by the fighting during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and the Boxer Rebellion, sustaining massive casualties during the wars and subsequently being driven into extreme suffering and hardship.<ref name=rhoads2011>{{cite book |title = Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |first = Edward J. M. |last = Rhoads |year = 2011 |publisher = University of Washington Press |url = {{Google books|tgq1miGno-4C |isbn = 978-0295804125|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>{{rp|80}} Much of the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion against the foreigners in defense of Beijing and Manchuria was done by Manchu Banner armies, which were destroyed while resisting the invasion. The German Minister [[Clemens von Ketteler]] was assassinated by a Manchu.<ref name=rhoads2000>{{cite book |first = Edward J. M. |last = Rhoads |title = Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |publisher = University of Washington Press |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-295-98040-9 |url = {{Google books|QiM2pF5PDR8C|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>{{rp|72}} Thousands of Manchus fled south from [[Aigun]] during the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, their cattle and horses then stolen by Russian Cossacks who razed their villages and homes.<ref name=shirokogorov>{{Cite book |first = Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich |last = Shirokogorov |title = Social Organization of the Manchus: A study of the Manchu Clan Organization |volume = 3 of Publications (Royal Asiatic Society. North China Branch) |publisher = Royal Asiatic Society |year = 1924 |url = {{Google books|ZERxAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>{{rp|4}} The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders.<ref>{{cite book |title = A Regional handbook on Northeast China |first1 = Yin-t'ang |last1 = Chang |author2 = University of Washington. Far Eastern and Russian Institute | volume = 61 of Human Relations Area Files: Subcontractor's monograph, HRAF |year = 1956 |publisher = The Institute |url = {{Google books|zvI4AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |access-date = 10 March 2014 |page=110}}</ref>

Many Manchu Bannermen in Beijing supported the [[Yìhéquán|Boxers]] in the [[Boxer Rebellion]] and shared their anti-foreign sentiment.<ref name=orphanwarriors/> The Manchu Bannermen were devastated by the fighting during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and the Boxer Rebellion, sustaining massive casualties during the wars and subsequently being driven into extreme suffering and hardship.<ref name=rhoads2011>{{cite book |title = Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |first = Edward J. M. |last = Rhoads |year = 2011 |publisher = University of Washington Press |url = {{Google books|tgq1miGno-4C |isbn = 978-0295804125|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>{{rp|80}} Much of the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion against the foreigners in defense of Beijing and Manchuria was done by Manchu Banner armies, which were destroyed while resisting the invasion. The German Minister [[Clemens von Ketteler]] was assassinated by a Manchu.<ref name=rhoads2000>{{cite book |first = Edward J. M. |last = Rhoads |title = Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 |publisher = University of Washington Press |year = 2000 |isbn = 978-0-295-98040-9 |url = {{Google books|QiM2pF5PDR8C|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>{{rp|72}} Thousands of Manchus fled south from [[Aigun]] during the fighting in the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, their cattle and horses then stolen by Russian Cossacks who razed their villages and homes.<ref name=shirokogorov>{{Cite book |first = Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich |last = Shirokogorov |title = Social Organization of the Manchus: A study of the Manchu Clan Organization |volume = 3 of Publications (Royal Asiatic Society. North China Branch) |publisher = Royal Asiatic Society |year = 1924 |url = {{Google books|ZERxAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref>{{rp|4}} The clan system of the Manchus in Aigun was obliterated by the despoliation of the area at the hands of the Russian invaders.<ref>{{cite book |title = A Regional handbook on Northeast China |first1 = Yin-t'ang |last1 = Chang |author2 = University of Washington. Far Eastern and Russian Institute | volume = 61 of Human Relations Area Files: Subcontractor's monograph, HRAF |year = 1956 |publisher = The Institute |url = {{Google books|zvI4AAAAIAAJ|plainurl=yes}} |access-date = 10 March 2014 |page=110}}</ref>