List of ethnic cleansing campaigns

**{{Circa|597 BCE}}: When the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] conquered the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in modern-day Israel, tens of thousands of [[Jews]] were expelled from Israel, representing the first waves of the [[Jewish diaspora]]. This is referred to as the [[Babylonian Captivity]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Babylonian Captivity |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Babylonian-Captivity |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=3 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

**{{Circa|597 BCE}}: When the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire]] conquered the [[Kingdom of Judah]] in modern-day Israel, tens of thousands of [[Jews]] were expelled from Israel, representing the first waves of the [[Jewish diaspora]]. This is referred to as the [[Babylonian Captivity]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Babylonian Captivity |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Babylonian-Captivity |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=3 May 2024 |access-date=7 May 2024}}</ref>

*{{Circa|416 BC}}: During the [[Peloponnesian War]] the [[Athens|Athenians]] had the neutral island polis of [[Melos]] destroyed, with the men of fighting age being killed, and the women and children sold as slaves. Athenian colonists were moved in afterwards. This is considered an important example of an ancient genocide.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crowe |first1=D. |title=War Crimes, Genocide, and Justice: A Global History |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-03701-5 |page=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Landes |first1=Richard |title=The Paranoid Apocalypse |date=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4893-0 |language=en |chapter=The Melian Dialogue, the Protocols, and the Paranoid Imperative}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Genocide in the Ancient World |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/485/genocide-in-the-ancient-world/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |access-date=28 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*{{Circa|416 BC}}: During the [[Peloponnesian War]] the [[Athens|Athenians]] had the neutral island polis of [[Melos]] destroyed, with the men of fighting age being killed, and the women and children sold as slaves. Athenian colonists were moved in afterwards. This is considered an important example of an ancient genocide.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crowe |first1=D. |title=War Crimes, Genocide, and Justice: A Global History |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-03701-5 |page=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Landes |first1=Richard |title=The Paranoid Apocalypse |date=2011 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4893-0 |language=en |chapter=The Melian Dialogue, the Protocols, and the Paranoid Imperative}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Genocide in the Ancient World |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/485/genocide-in-the-ancient-world/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |access-date=28 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

*{{Circa|149-146 BC}}: The [[Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)|Sack of Carthage]] resulted in the city being destroyed, its population expelled or massacred, and any rebuilding forbidden. It is called a genocide by some scholars<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/first-genocide-carthage-146-bc/9F94EFA6A6F4B47B86890F2CE055503A|title=The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC|first=Ben|last=Kiernan|date=4 August 2004|journal=Diogenes|volume=51|issue=3|pages=27–39|via=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1177/0392192104043648|url-access=subscription}}</ref>.

*{{Circa|353 BC}}: After the polis of [[Sestos]] refused to submit to Athens, the [[Strategos]] [[Chares of Athens]] killed the entire adult male population and sold the women and children into slavery, replacing them with Athenian colonists.{{sfnp|Loukopoulou|2004|pp=909-910}}

*{{Circa|149-146 BC}}: The [[Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)|Sack of Carthage]] resulted in the city being destroyed, its population expelled or massacred, and any rebuilding forbidden. It is called a genocide by some scholars.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/diogenes/article/first-genocide-carthage-146-bc/9F94EFA6A6F4B47B86890F2CE055503A|title=The First Genocide: Carthage, 146 BC|first=Ben|last=Kiernan|date=4 August 2004|journal=Diogenes|volume=51|issue=3|pages=27–39|via=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1177/0392192104043648|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

*{{Circa|88 BC}}: The massacres of Romans living in Anatolia ordered by [[Mithridates VI Eupator]]. These were known as the [[Asiatic Vespers]] and are considered to be a genocide by some scholars{{sfn|Jonassohn|Björnson|1998|p=191}}{{sfn|Stubbersfield|2022|p=20}}{{sfn|Courtieu|2019|p=31}}.

*{{Circa|88 BC}}: The massacres of Romans living in Anatolia ordered by [[Mithridates VI Eupator]]. These were known as the [[Asiatic Vespers]] and are considered to be a genocide by some scholars.{{sfn|Jonassohn|Björnson|1998|p=191}}{{sfn|Stubbersfield|2022|p=20}}{{sfn|Courtieu|2019|p=31}}

*{{Circa|58-50 BC}}: The [[Gallic Wars]] resulted in large amounts of the Gallic population being massacred or enslaved by the Roman Army. It has been called a genocide by some scholars<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79860405 |title=Blood and soil : a world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur |date=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |location=New Haven |pages=59 |oclc=79860405}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raaflaub |first=Kurt |date=2021 |title=Caesar and Genocide: Confronting the Dark Side of Caesar's Gallic Wars |journal=New England Classical Journal |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=54–80|doi=10.52284/NECJ/48.1/article/raaflaub |s2cid=236550544 |doi-access=free }}</ref>.

*{{Circa|58-50 BC}}: The [[Gallic Wars]] resulted in large amounts of the Gallic population being massacred or enslaved by the Roman Army. It has been called a genocide by some scholars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/79860405 |title=Blood and soil : a world history of genocide and extermination from Sparta to Darfur |date=2007 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-10098-3 |location=New Haven |pages=59 |oclc=79860405}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raaflaub |first=Kurt |date=2021 |title=Caesar and Genocide: Confronting the Dark Side of Caesar's Gallic Wars |journal=New England Classical Journal |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=54–80|doi=10.52284/NECJ/48.1/article/raaflaub |s2cid=236550544 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

**{{Circa|53-51 BC}}: Caesar claimed that he burnt all [[Eburones]] village he could find, his men ate all their grain, and drove away their animals. Caesar said he aimed to make the Eburones starve to death, and believed he succeeded. [[Daniel Chirot]] and Jennifer Edwards described this as a genocide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chirot |first1=Daniel |last2=Edwards |first2=Jennifer |date=2003 |title=Making Sense of the Senseless: Understanding Genocide |journal=Contexts |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=12–19 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2003.2.2.12 |issn=1536-5042 |s2cid=62687633}}</ref> However, Johannes Heinrichs argues that such a genocide was impossible due to many of the areas the Eburoneans sought refuge in were impenetrable to the Roman Army, and cites Caesar's second campaign against them in 51 BC as proof that the Eburoneans weren't exterminated.{{sfn|Heinrichs|2008|p=208}} Nico Roymans argues that the reason why the Eburoneans disappeared from history was due to "a policy of ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'' on the part of the Roman authorities, in combination with the confiscation of Eburonean territory".{{sfn|Roymans|2004|p=23}}

**{{Circa|53-51 BC}}: Caesar claimed that he burnt all [[Eburones]] village he could find, his men ate all their grain, and drove away their animals. Caesar said he aimed to make the Eburones starve to death, and believed he succeeded. [[Daniel Chirot]] and Jennifer Edwards described this as a genocide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chirot |first1=Daniel |last2=Edwards |first2=Jennifer |date=2003 |title=Making Sense of the Senseless: Understanding Genocide |journal=Contexts |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=12–19 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2003.2.2.12 |issn=1536-5042 |s2cid=62687633}}</ref> However, Johannes Heinrichs argues that such a genocide was impossible due to many of the areas the Eburoneans sought refuge in were impenetrable to the Roman Army, and cites Caesar's second campaign against them in 51 BC as proof that the Eburoneans weren't exterminated.{{sfn|Heinrichs|2008|p=208}} Nico Roymans argues that the reason why the Eburoneans disappeared from history was due to "a policy of ''[[damnatio memoriae]]'' on the part of the Roman authorities, in combination with the confiscation of Eburonean territory".{{sfn|Roymans|2004|p=23}}

*{{Circa|115–117 AD}}: The Roman suppression of the [[Diaspora Revolt]] in [[Cyrenaica]], [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Roman Cyprus|Cyprus]] led to the near-total expulsion and annihilation of Jews from these regions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kerkeslager |first1=Allen |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.004 |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |last2=Setzer |first2=Claudia |last3=Trebilco |first3=Paul |last4=Goodblatt |first4=David |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=T. Katz |edition=Steven |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |pages=62 |chapter=The Diaspora From 66 to c. 235 CE |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.004 |quote=The campaign of ethnic cleansing appears to have been a devastating success. A gap in the extant evidence for Jews in Cyrenaica confirms that the area was essentially emptied of Jews by their migration into Egypt and the subsequent Gentile massacres of stragglers. Few if any Jews survived anywhere in Cyprus. Papyri and inscriptions testify to the annihilation of entire Jewish communities in many parts of Egypt.50 Only in remote areas on the fringes of Roman control could any Jews have remained alive in the affected regions. It is unlikely that any Jews remained in Alexandria after the war ended in the late summer of 117.}}</ref>

*{{Circa|115–117 AD}}: The Roman suppression of the [[Diaspora Revolt]] in [[Cyrenaica]], [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Roman Cyprus|Cyprus]] led to the near-total expulsion and annihilation of Jews from these regions.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kerkeslager |first1=Allen |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.004 |title=The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |last2=Setzer |first2=Claudia |last3=Trebilco |first3=Paul |last4=Goodblatt |first4=David |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-77248-8 |editor-last=T. Katz |edition=Steven |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |volume=4 |pages=62 |chapter=The Diaspora From 66 to c. 235 CE |doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521772488.004 |quote=The campaign of ethnic cleansing appears to have been a devastating success. A gap in the extant evidence for Jews in Cyrenaica confirms that the area was essentially emptied of Jews by their migration into Egypt and the subsequent Gentile massacres of stragglers. Few if any Jews survived anywhere in Cyprus. Papyri and inscriptions testify to the annihilation of entire Jewish communities in many parts of Egypt.50 Only in remote areas on the fringes of Roman control could any Jews have remained alive in the affected regions. It is unlikely that any Jews remained in Alexandria after the war ended in the late summer of 117.}}</ref>