Lạc Việt

*Japanese scholar Gotō Kimpei links ''Lạc'' to Vietnamese noun(s) ''lạch'' ~ ''rạch'' "ditch, canal, waterway".{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=10}}

*Japanese scholar Gotō Kimpei links ''Lạc'' to Vietnamese noun(s) ''lạch'' ~ ''rạch'' "ditch, canal, waterway".{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=10}}

*Vietnamese scholars Nguyễn Kim Thản and Vương Lộc (1974; apud Vũ Thế Ngọc, 1989 and Trần Trí Dõi, 2018) suggests that ''Lạc'' simply means "water" and is comparable to phonetically similar elements in such compounds ''nước '''rạc''''' (lit. "ebbing (tidal) water"), ''cạn '''rặc'''''{{efn|name=fvd|Hồ Ngọc Đức's Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project glosses ''rặc'' as "means tidal water when falling"<ref>{{cite web|title=rặc|website= Hồ Ngọc Đức's Vietnamese dictionary|url=http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/TD/td/index.php?bpos=362193&db=vv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010052806/http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/TD/td/index.php?bpos=362193&db=vv|archive-date=2022-10-10|language=vi}}</ref>}} (lit. "utterly dried up [of water]"), ''ruộng '''rặc'''{{efn|name=fvd}}'' (lit. "[[Paddy field|watery paddy]]") & ''ruộng '''rộc''''' (lit. "watery paddy").<ref>{{cite book|author1= Nguyễn Kim Thản|author2= Vương Lộc|year= 1974|chapter= Thử tìm nguồn gốc ngữ nghĩa của từ tố “Lạc”|trans-chapter= Attempt to Find the Semantic Origin of Morpheme “Lạc”|title= Hùng Vương dựng nước|trans-title= Hùng Kings' National Foundation|volume= IV|publisher= Nxb Khoa học xã hội|location= Hà Nội|page= 134-141}}</ref><ref name= "vtn">{{cite journal|author=Vũ Thế Ngọc|year= 1989|url= http://www.mevietnam.org/NguonGoc/vtn-quochieu.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030226100530/https://www.mevietnam.org/NguonGoc/vtn-quochieu.html|archive-date= 2003-02-26|journal= Đặc San Đền Hùng|title= Ý Nghĩa Quốc Hiệu Lạc Việt|trans-title=The Meaning of the National Name Lạc Việt.|lang= vi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Trao đổi thêm vê từ nguyên của yếu tố “Lạc (luò 雒/駱)” trong tổ hợp “Lạc Việt (luòyuè 雒越)”|trans-title= Further Discussion on the Etymology of Element “Lạc (luò 雒/駱)” in the Compound “Lạc Việt (luòyuè 雒越)”|author= Trần Trí Dõi|date= 2018-09-01|origyear= 2017-07-05|url= https://vanhoahoc.edu.vn/nghien-cuu/van-hoa-viet-nam/van-hoa-co-trung-dai-o-viet-nam/3322-tran-tri-doi-trao-doi-them-ve-tu-nguyen-cua-yeu-to-lac-luo-trong-to-hop-lac-viet-luoyue.html|website= Văn Hóa Học|trans-website= Cultural Studies}}</ref>

*Vietnamese scholars Nguyễn Kim Thản and Vương Lộc (1974; apud Vũ Thế Ngọc, 1989 and Trần Trí Dõi, 2018) suggests that ''Lạc'' simply means "water" and is comparable to phonetically similar elements in such compounds ''nước '''rạc''''' (lit. "ebbing (tidal) water"), ''cạn '''rặc'''''{{efn|name=fvd|Hồ Ngọc Đức's Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project glosses ''rặc'' as "means tidal water when falling"<ref>{{cite web|title=rặc|website= Hồ Ngọc Đức's Vietnamese dictionary|url=http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/TD/td/index.php?bpos=362193&db=vv|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010052806/http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~duc/TD/td/index.php?bpos=362193&db=vv|archive-date=2022-10-10|language=vi}}</ref>}} (lit. "utterly dried up [of water]"), ''ruộng '''rặc'''{{efn|name=fvd}}'' (lit. "[[Paddy field|watery paddy]]") & ''ruộng '''rộc''''' (lit. "watery paddy").<ref>{{cite book|author1= Nguyễn Kim Thản|author2= Vương Lộc|year= 1974|chapter= Thử tìm nguồn gốc ngữ nghĩa của từ tố “Lạc”|trans-chapter= Attempt to Find the Semantic Origin of Morpheme “Lạc”|title= Hùng Vương dựng nước|trans-title= Hùng Kings' National Foundation|volume= IV|publisher= Nxb Khoa học xã hội|location= Hà Nội|page= 134-141}}</ref><ref name= "vtn">{{cite journal|author=Vũ Thế Ngọc|year= 1989|url= http://www.mevietnam.org/NguonGoc/vtn-quochieu.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20030226100530/https://www.mevietnam.org/NguonGoc/vtn-quochieu.html|archive-date= 2003-02-26|journal= Đặc San Đền Hùng|title= Ý Nghĩa Quốc Hiệu Lạc Việt|trans-title=The Meaning of the National Name Lạc Việt.|lang= vi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Trao đổi thêm vê từ nguyên của yếu tố “Lạc (luò 雒/駱)” trong tổ hợp “Lạc Việt (luòyuè 雒越)”|trans-title= Further Discussion on the Etymology of Element “Lạc (luò 雒/駱)” in the Compound “Lạc Việt (luòyuè 雒越)”|author= Trần Trí Dõi|date= 2018-09-01|origyear= 2017-07-05|url= https://vanhoahoc.edu.vn/nghien-cuu/van-hoa-viet-nam/van-hoa-co-trung-dai-o-viet-nam/3322-tran-tri-doi-trao-doi-them-ve-tu-nguyen-cua-yeu-to-lac-luo-trong-to-hop-lac-viet-luoyue.html|website= Văn Hóa Học|trans-website= Cultural Studies}}</ref>

*Vũ Thế Ngọc (1989) and Wu Zhongding (2012) also propose that ''Lạc'' means "water" and is cognate [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] words meaning "water" such as [[Bahnar language|Bahnar]] ''đák'', Western [[Katu language]] ດາກ (''da:k''), [[Khmer language|Khmer]] ទឹក (''tɨk''), etc.).<ref name= "vtn"/><ref>{{cite journal|lang=zh|journal= 萍乡高等专科学校学报|trans-journal= Journal of Pingxiang College|year= 2012|volume= 29|number= 2|author= 武忠定|title= “雒越”之“雒”义新考|trans-title= A New Interpretation of the Word “Luo”in “Luoyue”|url= https://csdlkhoahoc.hueuni.edu.vn/data/article/LACVIET.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210527083451/https://csdlkhoahoc.hueuni.edu.vn/data/article/LACVIET.pdf|archive-date= 2021-05-27|pages= 66-69}}</ref>{{rp|68}}{{efn|[[Paul Sidwell]] (2024) reconstructs [[Proto-Austroasiatic]] ''*ɗaːkˀ'' "water", whose initial ''*ɗ-'' would become Vietnamese initial ''n-'', not ''r-'', however.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Sidwell|first= Paul|year= 2024|title= 500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0|url= |journal= Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society‎|volume= 17|number= 1|pages= i–xxxiii}}</ref>{{rp|ix}}<ref>{{cite book|last1= Sidwell|first1= Paul|last2= Rau|first2= Felix|year= 2015|title= The Handbook of the Austroasiatic Language|volume= 1|page= 240}}</ref>}}

*Vũ Thế Ngọc (1989) and Wu Zhongding (2012) also propose that ''Lạc'' means "water" and is cognate [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] words meaning "water" such as [[Bahnar language|Bahnar]] ''đák'', Western [[Katu language|Katu]] ດາກ (''da:k''), [[Khmer language|Khmer]] ទឹក (''tɨk''), etc.).<ref name= "vtn"/><ref>{{cite journal|lang=zh|journal= 萍乡高等专科学校学报|trans-journal= Journal of Pingxiang College|year= 2012|volume= 29|number= 2|author= 武忠定|title= “雒越”之“雒”义新考|trans-title= A New Interpretation of the Word “Luo”in “Luoyue”|url= https://csdlkhoahoc.hueuni.edu.vn/data/article/LACVIET.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210527083451/https://csdlkhoahoc.hueuni.edu.vn/data/article/LACVIET.pdf|archive-date= 2021-05-27|pages= 66-69}}</ref>{{rp|68}}{{efn|[[Paul Sidwell]] (2024) reconstructs [[Proto-Austroasiatic]] ''*ɗaːkˀ'' "water", whose initial ''*ɗ-'' would become Vietnamese initial ''n-'', not ''r-'' or ''l-'', however.<ref>{{cite journal|last= Sidwell|first= Paul|year= 2024|title= 500 Proto Austroasiatic Etyma: Version 1.0|url= |journal= Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society‎|volume= 17|number= 1|pages= i–xxxiii}}</ref>{{rp|ix}}<ref>{{cite book|last1= Sidwell|first1= Paul|last2= Rau|first2= Felix|year= 2015|title= The Handbook of the Austroasiatic Language|volume= 1|page= 240}}</ref>}}

On the other hand, French linguist [[Michel Ferlus]] proposes that 駱/雒 (OC *''rak'') is monosyllabified from the areal ethnonym ''*b.rak'' ~ ''*p.rak'' by loss of the first element in the iambic cluster. The ethnonym ''*b.rak'' ~ ''*p.rak'' underlies *''prɔːk'', ethnonym of the [[Wa people]], *''rɔːk'', ethonym of a [[Khmu]] subgroup, and possibly the ethnonym of [[Bai people]] (白族 ''Báizú''). Ferlus also suggests that ''*b.rak'' ~ ''*p.rak'' underlies 百越 ''[[Baiyue|Bǎiyuè]]'' (< OC*''prâk''-''wat'')'s first syllable 百 ''Bǎi'' (< OC *''prâk''), initially just a phonogram to transcribe the ethnonym ''*p.rak'' ~ ''*b.rak'' yet later reconstrued as "hundred".{{sfn|Ferlus|2009a|p=1}} Ferlus etymologises 百 ''bǎi'' < *''p.rak'' and 白 ''bái'' < *''b.rak'', used to name populations south of China, as from etymon *''p.ra:k'' "[[taro]] > edible [[tuber]]", which [[Underlying representation|underlies]] [[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]] cognate words meaning "taro" (e.g. [[Thai language|Thai]] เผือก ''pʰɨak^D1'', [[Lakkia language|Lakkia]] ''ja:k'', [[Paha language|Paha]] ''pɣaːk'', etc.{{efn|Norquest (2020) reconstructs [[Proto-Kra-Dai]] *''pəˀrˠáːk'' "taro"<ref name=Norquest>Norquest, Peter. 2020. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/2429/74055 A Hypothesis on the Origin of Preglottalized Sonorants in Kra-Dai]''. 38th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia.</ref>}}); and Ferlus additionally proposes that *''p.ra:k'' was used to by rice-growers to designate taro-growing horticulturists.{{sfn|Ferlus|2011|p=7-9}}

On the other hand, French linguist [[Michel Ferlus]] proposes that 駱/雒 (OC *''rak'') is monosyllabified from the areal ethnonym ''*b.rak'' ~ ''*p.rak'' by loss of the first element in the iambic cluster. The ethnonym ''*b.rak'' ~ ''*p.rak'' underlies *''prɔːk'', ethnonym of the [[Wa people]], *''rɔːk'', ethonym of a [[Khmu]] subgroup, and possibly the ethnonym of [[Bai people]] (白族 ''Báizú''). Ferlus also suggests that ''*b.rak'' ~ ''*p.rak'' underlies 百越 ''[[Baiyue|Bǎiyuè]]'' (< OC*''prâk''-''wat'')'s first syllable 百 ''Bǎi'' (< OC *''prâk''), initially just a phonogram to transcribe the ethnonym ''*p.rak'' ~ ''*b.rak'' yet later reconstrued as "hundred".{{sfn|Ferlus|2009a|p=1}} Ferlus etymologises 百 ''bǎi'' < *''p.rak'' and 白 ''bái'' < *''b.rak'', used to name populations south of China, as from etymon *''p.ra:k'' "[[taro]] > edible [[tuber]]", which [[Underlying representation|underlies]] [[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]] cognate words meaning "taro" (e.g. [[Thai language|Thai]] เผือก ''pʰɨak^D1'', [[Lakkia language|Lakkia]] ''ja:k'', [[Paha language|Paha]] ''pɣaːk'', etc.{{efn|Norquest (2020) reconstructs [[Proto-Kra-Dai]] *''pəˀrˠáːk'' "taro"<ref name=Norquest>Norquest, Peter. 2020. ''[http://hdl.handle.net/2429/74055 A Hypothesis on the Origin of Preglottalized Sonorants in Kra-Dai]''. 38th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics. Vancouver: Department of Linguistics, University of British Columbia.</ref>}}); and Ferlus additionally proposes that *''p.ra:k'' was used to by rice-growers to designate taro-growing horticulturists.{{sfn|Ferlus|2011|p=7-9}}