History
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Throughout history, Kazakhstan has been home to many nomadic societies of the [[Eurasian Steppe]], including the Sakas ([[Scythian]]-related), the [[Xiongnu]], the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]], the [[Kimek–Kipchak confederation|Kimek–Kipchak Confederation]], the [[Mongol Empire]], the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Kazakh Khanate]], which was established in 1465.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pultar |first1=Gönül |title=Imagined Identities: Identity Formation in the Age of Globalization |date=2014 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-3342-6 |page=365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhiQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |language=en |access-date=13 February 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213043242/https://books.google.com/books?id=KhiQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
Throughout history, Kazakhstan has been home to many nomadic societies of the [[Eurasian Steppe]], including the Sakas ([[Scythian]]-related), the [[Xiongnu]], the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]], the [[Kimek–Kipchak confederation|Kimek–Kipchak Confederation]], the [[Mongol Empire]], the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Kazakh Khanate]], which was established in 1465.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pultar |first1=Gönül |title=Imagined Identities: Identity Formation in the Age of Globalization |date=2014 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-3342-6 |page=365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KhiQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |language=en |access-date=13 February 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213043242/https://books.google.com/books?id=KhiQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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The exact place of origins of the [[Turkic peoples]] has been a topic of much discussion. Early Medieval Turkic peoples who migrated into Central Asia displayed genetic affinities with [[Ancient Northeast Asian]]s, deriving around 62% of their ancestry from a gene pool maximized among Neolithic hunter-gatherers in the [[Amur region]]. There is also evidence for contact with Iranian, Uralic and Yeniseian peoples.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Joo-Yup |last2=Kuang |first2=Shuntu |date=18 October 2017 |title=A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples |journal=Inner Asia |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=197–239 |doi=10.1163/22105018-12340089 |issn=2210-5018 |s2cid=165623743 |quote=Finally, an extensive study of the genetic legacy of the Turkic nomads across Eurasia based on autosomal dna analysis reveals that the source populations for the Turkic nomads who spread ‘Asian genes’ to non-Turkic peoples were (the ancestors of modern-day) Tuvinians, Mongols and Buryats, despite the fact that the latter two are Mongolic (Yunusbayev et al. 2015).81 In sum, one should note that the early eastern Turkic peoples were in all likelihood genetically closer to their neighbouring Mongolic peoples than to various later Turkic peoples of central and western Eurasia. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ |title=The Turks in World History |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |isbn=978-0-19-517726-8 |language=en |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203140401/https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiao-Min |last2=Meng |first2=Hai-Liang |last3=Zhang |first3=Jian-Lin |last4=Yu |first4=Yao |last5=Allen |first5=Edward |last6=Xia |first6=Zi-Yang |last7=Zhu |first7=Kong-Yang |last8=Du |first8=Pan-Xin |last9=Ren |first9=Xiao-Ying |last10=Xiong |first10=Jian-Xue |last11=Lu |first11=Xiao-Yu |last12=Ding |first12=Yi |last13=Han |first13=Sheng |last14=Liu |first14=Wei-Peng |last15=Jin |first15=Li |date=17 January 2023 |title=Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12938 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1056–1064 |language=en |doi=10.1111/jse.12938 |bibcode=2023JSyEv..61.1056Y |s2cid=255690237 |issn=1674-4918 |quote=The early Medieval Türk (earlyMed_Turk) derived the major ancestry from ANA at a proportion of 62.2%, the remainder from BMAC (10.7%) and Western Steppe Afanasievo nomad (27.1%) (Figs. 1C, 1D; Table S2E). The geographically remote Central Steppe Türk (Kyrgyzstan_Turk and Kazakhstan_Turk) could be modeled as an admixture of ANA (Mongolia_N_-North), BMAC, and West Steppe pastoralists (Afanasievo (P=0.0196) (Fig. S5; Table S2E).|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Kazakhs emerged as an ethno-linguistic group during the early 15th century from a confederation of several, mostly Turkic-speaking pastoral nomadic groups of Northern [[Central Asia]]. The Kazakhs are the most northerly of the Central Asian peoples, inhabiting a large expanse of territory in northern [[Central Asia]] and southern [[Siberia]] known as the [[Kazakh Steppe]]. The tribal groups [[Kazakh Khanate|formed a powerful confederation]] that grew wealthy on the trade passing through the steppe lands along the fabled Silk Road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakh {{!}} People, Religion, Language, & Culture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kazakh |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627060725/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kazakh |url-status=live }}</ref> |
The exact place of origins of the [[Turkic peoples]] has been a topic of much discussion. Early Medieval Turkic peoples who migrated into Central Asia displayed genetic affinities with [[Ancient Northeast Asian]]s, deriving around 62% of their ancestry from a gene pool maximized among Neolithic hunter-gatherers in the [[Amur region]]. There is also evidence for contact with Iranian, Uralic and Yeniseian peoples.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Joo-Yup |last2=Kuang |first2=Shuntu |date=18 October 2017 |title=A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and y-dna Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples |journal=Inner Asia |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=197–239 |doi=10.1163/22105018-12340089 |issn=2210-5018 |s2cid=165623743 |quote=Finally, an extensive study of the genetic legacy of the Turkic nomads across Eurasia based on autosomal dna analysis reveals that the source populations for the Turkic nomads who spread ‘Asian genes’ to non-Turkic peoples were (the ancestors of modern-day) Tuvinians, Mongols and Buryats, despite the fact that the latter two are Mongolic (Yunusbayev et al. 2015).81 In sum, one should note that the early eastern Turkic peoples were in all likelihood genetically closer to their neighbouring Mongolic peoples than to various later Turkic peoples of central and western Eurasia. |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ |title=The Turks in World History |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |isbn=978-0-19-517726-8 |language=en |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=3 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203140401/https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiao-Min |last2=Meng |first2=Hai-Liang |last3=Zhang |first3=Jian-Lin |last4=Yu |first4=Yao |last5=Allen |first5=Edward |last6=Xia |first6=Zi-Yang |last7=Zhu |first7=Kong-Yang |last8=Du |first8=Pan-Xin |last9=Ren |first9=Xiao-Ying |last10=Xiong |first10=Jian-Xue |last11=Lu |first11=Xiao-Yu |last12=Ding |first12=Yi |last13=Han |first13=Sheng |last14=Liu |first14=Wei-Peng |last15=Jin |first15=Li |date=17 January 2023 |title=Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12938 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1056–1064 |language=en |doi=10.1111/jse.12938 |bibcode=2023JSyEv..61.1056Y |s2cid=255690237 |issn=1674-4918 |quote=The early Medieval Türk (earlyMed_Turk) derived the major ancestry from ANA at a proportion of 62.2%, the remainder from BMAC (10.7%) and Western Steppe Afanasievo nomad (27.1%) (Figs. 1C, 1D; Table S2E). The geographically remote Central Steppe Türk (Kyrgyzstan_Turk and Kazakhstan_Turk) could be modeled as an admixture of ANA (Mongolia_N_-North), BMAC, and West Steppe pastoralists (Afanasievo (P=0.0196) (Fig. S5; Table S2E).|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The Kazakhs emerged as an ethno-linguistic group during the early 15th century from a confederation of several, mostly Turkic-speaking pastoral nomadic groups of Northern [[Central Asia]]. The Kazakhs are the most northerly of the Central Asian peoples, inhabiting a large expanse of territory in northern [[Central Asia]] and southern [[Siberia]] known as the [[Kazakh Steppe]]. The tribal groups [[Kazakh Khanate|formed a powerful confederation]] that grew wealthy on the trade passing through the steppe lands along the fabled Silk Road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakh {{!}} People, Religion, Language, & Culture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kazakh |access-date=3 March 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627060725/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kazakh |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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[[Shoqan Walikhanov]] believed that when the [[Golden Horde]] began to disintegrate, the reasons why Kazakhs created [[Kazakh Khanate]] were in order to retain their nomadic territories and secure their rights in the lands where they migrated. |
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Kazakh was a common term throughout medieval [[Central Asia]], generally with regard to individuals or groups who had taken or achieved independence from a figure of authority. [[Tamerlane|Timur]] described his own youth without direct authority as his {{lang|trk|Qazaqliq}} ("freedom", "Qazaq-ness").<ref>{{cite journal|title=Centralizing Reform and Its Opponents in the Late Timurid Period|first=Maria Eva|last=Subtelny|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=21|issue=1/2: Soviet and North American Studies on Central Asia|year=1988|pages=123–151|jstor=4310597|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]], on behalf of the International Society of Iranian Studies|doi=10.1080/00210868808701712}}</ref> |
Kazakh was a common term throughout medieval [[Central Asia]], generally with regard to individuals or groups who had taken or achieved independence from a figure of authority. [[Tamerlane|Timur]] described his own youth without direct authority as his {{lang|trk|Qazaqliq}} ("freedom", "Qazaq-ness").<ref>{{cite journal|title=Centralizing Reform and Its Opponents in the Late Timurid Period|first=Maria Eva|last=Subtelny|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=21|issue=1/2: Soviet and North American Studies on Central Asia|year=1988|pages=123–151|jstor=4310597|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]], on behalf of the International Society of Iranian Studies|doi=10.1080/00210868808701712}}</ref> |