Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

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The '''Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965''', also known as the '''Hart–Celler Act''' and more recently as the '''1965 Immigration Act''', was a [[United States federal law|federal law]] passed by the [[89th United States Congress]] and signed into law by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref name="Johnson 1965" /> The law abolished the [[National Origins Formula]], which had been the basis of [[Immigration to the United States|U.S. immigration policy]] since the 1920s.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Greenwood |first1=Michael J. |last2=Ward |first2=Zachary |title=Immigration quotas, World War I, and emigrant flows from the United States in the early 20th century |journal=Explorations in Economic History |date=January 2015 |volume=55 |pages=76–96 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2014.05.001 }}</ref>

The '''Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965''', also known as the '''Hart–Celler Act''' and more recently as the '''1965 Immigration Act''', was a [[United States federal law|federal law]] passed by the [[89th United States Congress]] and signed into law by President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].<ref name="Johnson 1965" /> The law abolished the [[National Origins Formula]], which had been the basis of [[Immigration to the United States|U.S. immigration policy]] since the 1920s.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |last1=Greenwood |first1=Michael J. |last2=Ward |first2=Zachary |title=Immigration quotas, World War I, and emigrant flows from the United States in the early 20th century |journal=Explorations in Economic History |date=January 2015 |volume=55 |pages=76–96 |doi=10.1016/j.eeh.2014.05.001 }}</ref> The act formally removed ''[[de facto]]'' discrimination against [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]]ans as well as [[Asian people|Asians]], in addition to other non-[[Western Europe|Western]] and [[Northern Europe]]an ethnicities from the [[Immigration to the United States|immigration policy]] of the United States.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hsu |first=Madeline Y. |title="If I Cannot Get a Whole Loaf, I Will Get What Bread I Can": LBJ and the Hart–Celler Immigration Act of 1965 |date=2023 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/lbjs-america/if-i-cannot-get-a-whole-loaf-i-will-get-what-bread-i-can-lbj-and-the-hartceller-immigration-act-of-1965/5C62C5CEB7775FA86D43696A52CE8EE2 |work=LBJ's America: The Life and Legacies of Lyndon Baines Johnson |pages=200–228 |editor-last=Lawrence |editor-first=Mark Atwood |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781009172547.009 |isbn=978-1-009-17254-7 |editor2-last=Updegrove |editor2-first=Mark K.|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The National Origins Formula had been established in the 1920s to preserve American homogeneity by promoting immigration from Western and Northern Europe.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> During the 1960s, at the height of the [[civil rights movement]], this approach increasingly came under attack for being [[Racism in the United States|racially discriminatory]]. The bill is based on the draft bill sent to the Congress by President [[John F. Kennedy]], who opposed the immigration formulas, in 1963, and was introduced by Senator [[Philip Hart]] and Congressman [[Emanuel Celler]].<ref name="Hodgson"/> However, its passage was stalled due to opposition from conservative Congressmen.<ref name="Hayes"/>

The National Origins Formula had been established in the 1920s to preserve American homogeneity by promoting immigration from Western and Northern Europe.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> During the 1960s, at the height of the [[civil rights movement]], this approach increasingly came under attack for being [[Racism in the United States|racially discriminatory]]. The bill is based on the draft bill sent to the Congress by President [[John F. Kennedy]], who opposed the immigration formulas, in 1963, and was introduced by Senator [[Philip Hart]] and Congressman [[Emanuel Celler]].<ref name="Hodgson"/> However, its passage was stalled due to opposition from conservative Congressmen.<ref name="Hayes"/>