Hangzhou City Wall

Under the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]], the city wall was {{convert|30|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|sp=us|0}} high and {{convert|35|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|sp=us|0}} wide across the top.{{sfnp|Wang|1999}} It restricted views of West Lake to "Chenghuang Hill" ({{lang|zh|城隍山}}), the era's name for Wu Hill, and the three western gates. 7000 [[mu (unit)|mu]] (roughly {{convert|430|ha|acre|disp=or|sp=us|abbr=on}}) of the central city were also separately walled off to create a [[Manchu people|Manchu]] district and [[Manchu banners|banner]] garrison; this wall was {{convert|20|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|sp=us|0}} high and had 5 gates of its own in addition to the Qiantang Gate.{{sfnp|Wang|1999}} [[Litter (vehicle)|Litters]] passing through the Manchu gates were routinely searched, prompting most Han residents and visitors to use the other 2 western gates to access the lake.{{sfnp|Wang|1999}} During the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping]] occupation of Hangzhou in the early 1860s, the city walls trapped the residents and allowed the Qing army to restrict supplies during their siege, leading to an estimated 600,000 deaths.{{sfnp|Wang|1999}}

Under the [[Qing dynasty|Qing]], the city wall was {{convert|30|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|sp=us|0}} high and {{convert|35|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|sp=us|0}} wide across the top.{{sfnp|Wang|1999}} It restricted views of West Lake to "Chenghuang Hill" ({{lang|zh|城隍山}}), the era's name for Wu Hill, and the three western gates. 7000 [[mu (unit)|mu]] (roughly {{convert|430|ha|acre|disp=or|sp=us|abbr=on}}) of the central city were also separately walled off to create a [[Manchu people|Manchu]] district and [[Manchu banners|banner]] garrison; this wall was {{convert|20|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on|sp=us|0}} high and had 5 gates of its own in addition to the Qiantang Gate.{{sfnp|Wang|1999}} [[Litter (vehicle)|Litters]] passing through the Manchu gates were routinely searched, prompting most Han residents and visitors to use the other 2 western gates to access the lake.{{sfnp|Wang|1999}} During the [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping]] occupation of Hangzhou in the early 1860s, the city walls trapped the residents and allowed the Qing army to restrict supplies during their siege, leading to an estimated 600,000 deaths.{{sfnp|Wang|1999}}

The walls of the Manchu garrison were demolished in 1912.{{sfnp|Masnou|2019|p=1/3}}

==Present condition==

==Present condition==

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* {{citation |last= |first= |contribution-url=https://wgly.hangzhou.gov.cn/art/2019/2/21/art_1229471480_58928123.html |contribution=Looking into the Past on Hangzhou's Ancient City Walls |url=https://wgly.hangzhou.gov.cn |title=''Official site'' |location=Hangzhou |publisher=Hangzhou Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, TV, & Tourism |date=2025 |ref={{harvid|Municipal Bureau of Culture|2025}} }}.

* {{citation |last= |first= |contribution-url=https://wgly.hangzhou.gov.cn/art/2019/2/21/art_1229471480_58928123.html |contribution=Looking into the Past on Hangzhou's Ancient City Walls |url=https://wgly.hangzhou.gov.cn |title=''Official site'' |location=Hangzhou |publisher=Hangzhou Municipal Bureau of Culture, Radio, TV, & Tourism |date=2025 |ref={{harvid|Municipal Bureau of Culture|2025}} }}.

* {{citation |last=Masnou |first=María-José |contribution-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348415617_PUBLIC_SPACE_AS_A_DRIVING_FORCE_IN_URBAN_TRANSFORMATION_THE_CASES_OF_BARCELONA_AND_HANGZHOU |contribution=Public Space as a Driving Force in Urban Transformation: The Cases of Barcelona and Hangzhou |date=January 2019 |publisher=Observatory on Urban China |location=Barcelona }}.

* {{citation |last=Wang |first=Liping |author-mask=Wang Liping |contribution-url=http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=028_tourism.inc&issue=028 |contribution=Tourism and Spacial Change in Hangzhou, 1911{{ndash}}1927 |title=Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900{{ndash}}1950 |editor=Joseph W. Esherick |display-editors=0 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |date=1999 |location=Honolulu }}.

* {{citation |last=Wang |first=Liping |author-mask=Wang Liping |contribution-url=http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=028_tourism.inc&issue=028 |contribution=Tourism and Spacial Change in Hangzhou, 1911{{ndash}}1927 |title=Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900{{ndash}}1950 |editor=Joseph W. Esherick |display-editors=0 |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |date=1999 |location=Honolulu }}.

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