Global North and Global South

Some economists have argued that international [[free trade]] and unhindered [[Capital (economics)|capital]] flows across countries could lead to a contraction in the North–South divide. In this case more equal trade and flow of capital would allow the possibility for developing countries to further develop economically.<ref name="Reuveny">{{cite journal |last1=Reuveny |first1=Rafael X. |last2=Thompson |first2=William R. |date=2007 |title=The North-South Divide and International Studies: A Symposium |journal=[[International Studies Review]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=556–564 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00722.x |jstor=4621859}}</ref> Economists such as Martin Khor challenged these arguments by illustrating how the South’s lack of economic capacity and infrastructure limit the movement to reduce the divide.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Research Papers |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/56a69aa5-en |doi=10.18356/56a69aa5-en |issn=2708-2814|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Some economists have argued that international [[free trade]] and unhindered [[Capital (economics)|capital]] flows across countries could lead to a contraction in the North–South divide. In this case more equal trade and flow of capital would allow the possibility for developing countries to further develop economically.<ref name="Reuveny">{{cite journal |last1=Reuveny |first1=Rafael X. |last2=Thompson |first2=William R. |date=2007 |title=The North-South Divide and International Studies: A Symposium |journal=[[International Studies Review]] |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=556–564 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00722.x |jstor=4621859}}</ref> Economists such as Martin Khor challenged these arguments by illustrating how the South’s lack of economic capacity and infrastructure limit the movement to reduce the divide.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Research Papers |date=2022 |url=https://doi.org/10.18356/56a69aa5-en |doi=10.18356/56a69aa5-en |issn=2708-2814|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As some countries in the South experience rapid development, there is evidence that those states are developing high levels of South–South aid.<ref name="ODI1">Cabral and Weinstock 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid Brazil: an emerging aid player] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322000016/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid |date=2012-03-22 }}. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> Brazil, in particular, has been noted for its high levels of aid ($1 billion annually—ahead of many traditional donors) and the ability to use its own experiences to provide high levels of expertise and knowledge transfer.<ref name="ODI1" /> This has been described as a "global model in waiting".<ref name="blogs.odi.org.uk">Cabral, Lidia 2010. [http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx Brazil's development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430190841/http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx |date=2011-04-30 }}. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref>

As some countries in the South experience rapid development, there is evidence that those states are developing high levels of South–South aid.<ref name="ODI1">Cabral and Weinstock 2010. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid Brazil: an emerging aid player] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322000016/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5120&title=brazil-election-emerging-donor-aid |date=2012-03-22 }}. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> Brazil, in particular, has been noted for its high levels of aid ($1 billion annually—ahead of many traditional - but much smaller - donors) and the ability to use its own experiences to provide high levels of expertise and knowledge transfer.<ref name="ODI1" /> This has been described as a "global model in waiting".<ref name="blogs.odi.org.uk">Cabral, Lidia 2010. [http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx Brazil's development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430190841/http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/2010/07/22/brazil_south_south_cooperation.aspx |date=2011-04-30 }}. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref>

The [[United Nations]] has also established its role in diminishing the divide between North and South through the [[Millennium Development Goals]], all of which were to be achieved by 2015. These goals seek to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve global universal education and healthcare, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat [[HIV/AIDS]], [[malaria]], and other diseases, ensure [[environmental sustainability]], and develop a global partnership for development.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/|title=United Nations Millennium Development Goals |website=www.un.org |access-date=2017-06-29 |archive-date=2020-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224151900/https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ |url-status=live}}</ref> These were replaced in 2015 by 17 [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs). The SDGs, set in 2015 by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] and intended to be achieved by 2030, are part of a [[United Nations General Assembly resolution|UN Resolution]] called "[[2030 Agenda|The 2030 Agenda]]".<ref>United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, [[:File:N1529189.pdf|Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ A/RES/70/1])</ref>

The [[United Nations]] has also established its role in diminishing the divide between North and South through the [[Millennium Development Goals]], all of which were to be achieved by 2015. These goals seek to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve global universal education and healthcare, promote gender equality and empower women, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat [[HIV/AIDS]], [[malaria]], and other diseases, ensure [[environmental sustainability]], and develop a global partnership for development.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/|title=United Nations Millennium Development Goals |website=www.un.org |access-date=2017-06-29 |archive-date=2020-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224151900/https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/ |url-status=live}}</ref> These were replaced in 2015 by 17 [[Sustainable Development Goals]] (SDGs). The SDGs, set in 2015 by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] and intended to be achieved by 2030, are part of a [[United Nations General Assembly resolution|UN Resolution]] called "[[2030 Agenda|The 2030 Agenda]]".<ref>United Nations (2015) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 September 2015, [[:File:N1529189.pdf|Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/ A/RES/70/1])</ref>