Environmental impact of Apple Inc.

In 1994, there was also a phase-out of nickel-cadmium batteries, while in 1995, PVC in packaging materials was phased out as well. The first Apple manufacturing site in Sacramento, California became [[ISO 14000|ISO 14001]] certified.<ref name="AppleWebsite">{{cite web |last=Apple Inc. |title=Environmental Progress |url=https://www.apple.com/environment/progress/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214023450/http://www.apple.com/environment/progress/ |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=November 19, 2013 |work=Apple Inc. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=International Organization for Standardization |title=ISO 14000-Environmental Management |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso14000.htm |access-date=November 19, 2013 |work=International Organization for Standardization |publisher=ISO}}</ref> ISO 14001:2004 set the criteria for an environmental management system, mapping out a framework that a company or an organization can use. If one chooses to use ISO 14001:2004, it can provide assurance to company management and employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved. The benefits of using ISO 14001:2004 are reduced cost of waste management, saving in consumption of energy and materials, lower distribution costs, and improved corporate image among regulators, customers, and the public.<ref>{{cite web |last=The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO) |title=Ecology, Energy, Ergonomics and Emissions |url=http://www.wedophones.com/Manuals/AppleComputer/Ecology,%20Energy,%20Ergonomics%20and%20Emissions.pdf |access-date=November 19, 2013 |work=The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees |publisher=Apple Computer, Inc.}}</ref>

In 1994, there was also a phase-out of nickel-cadmium batteries, while in 1995, PVC in packaging materials was phased out as well. The first Apple manufacturing site in Sacramento, California became [[ISO 14000|ISO 14001]] certified.<ref name="AppleWebsite">{{cite web |last=Apple Inc. |title=Environmental Progress |url=https://www.apple.com/environment/progress/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214023450/http://www.apple.com/environment/progress/ |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |access-date=November 19, 2013 |work=Apple Inc. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=International Organization for Standardization |title=ISO 14000-Environmental Management |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/management-standards/iso14000.htm |access-date=November 19, 2013 |work=International Organization for Standardization |publisher=ISO}}</ref> ISO 14001:2004 set the criteria for an environmental management system, mapping out a framework that a company or an organization can use. If one chooses to use ISO 14001:2004, it can provide assurance to company management and employees as well as external stakeholders that environmental impact is being measured and improved. The benefits of using ISO 14001:2004 are reduced cost of waste management, saving in consumption of energy and materials, lower distribution costs, and improved corporate image among regulators, customers, and the public.<ref>{{cite web |last=The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees (TCO) |title=Ecology, Energy, Ergonomics and Emissions |url=http://www.wedophones.com/Manuals/AppleComputer/Ecology,%20Energy,%20Ergonomics%20and%20Emissions.pdf |access-date=November 19, 2013 |work=The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees |publisher=Apple Computer, Inc.}}</ref>

In 1997, the first Apple products were tested for conformity to [[TCO Certified|TCO Certified standards]]. TCO Certified standards involve requirements that cover a variety of issues: environment, ergonomics, usability, emission of electrical and magnetic fields, and energy consumption, and electrical fire safety. For example, environmental demands restrict the use of heavy metals, chlorinated solvents, and other various things. Mainly, products that are labeled must meet these environmental demands. Two years after Apple agreed to meet TCO Certified's standards, in 1999, Apple introduced "Apple Product Environmental Specifications (APES) files", in which lead and cadmium in cables were restricted. Shortly after, in 2000, all of Apple's manufacturing sites became ISO 14001 certified worldwide. This accredited that Apple had a structured environmental management system (EMS) in order to manage the environmental impact of their operations.<ref name="AppleWebsite" />

In 1997, the first Apple products were tested for conformity to [[TCO Certified|TCO Certified standards]]. TCO Certified standards involve requirements that cover a variety of issues: environment, ergonomics, usability, emission of electrical and magnetic fields, and energy consumption, and electrical [[fire safety]]. For example, environmental demands restrict the use of heavy metals, chlorinated solvents, and other various things. Mainly, products that are labeled must meet these environmental demands. Two years after Apple agreed to meet TCO Certified's standards, in 1999, Apple introduced "Apple Product Environmental Specifications (APES) files", in which lead and cadmium in cables were restricted. Shortly after, in 2000, all of Apple's manufacturing sites became ISO 14001 certified worldwide. This accredited that Apple had a structured environmental management system (EMS) in order to manage the environmental impact of their operations.<ref name="AppleWebsite" />

=== 2000s ===

=== 2000s ===

In 2001, Apple computers and displays first met Energy Star requirements,<ref name="AppleWebsite" /> in which they voluntarily phased out tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in all their plastic enclosure parts greater than 25 grams. They also began to purchase 100 percent of electricity for the Austin facility from renewable sources, called Austin's "Green Choice" Power Program.<ref>{{cite web |last=Austin Energy |title=Greenchoice Renewable Energy |url=http://www.austinenergy.com/energy%20efficiency/Programs/Green%20Choice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129110814/http://www.austinenergy.com/energy%20efficiency/Programs/Green%20Choice/ |archive-date=November 29, 2013 |access-date=November 19, 2013 |work=Austin Energy |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2002, Apple continued to build a more environmentally friendly effort. For example, Apple signed the European Union Code of Conduct on Power Supplies, which encourages manufacturers to design power supplies that minimize energy consumption in "off" mode.

In 2001, Apple computers and displays first met Energy Star requirements,<ref name="AppleWebsite" /> in which they voluntarily phased out [[tetrabromobisphenol A]] (TBBPA) in all their plastic enclosure parts greater than 25 grams. They also began to purchase 100 percent of electricity for the Austin facility from renewable sources, called Austin's "Green Choice" Power Program.<ref>{{cite web |last=Austin Energy |title=Greenchoice Renewable Energy |url=http://www.austinenergy.com/energy%20efficiency/Programs/Green%20Choice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129110814/http://www.austinenergy.com/energy%20efficiency/Programs/Green%20Choice/ |archive-date=November 29, 2013 |access-date=November 19, 2013 |work=Austin Energy |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2002, Apple continued to build a more environmentally friendly effort. For example, Apple signed the European Union Code of Conduct on Power Supplies, which encourages manufacturers to design power supplies that minimize energy consumption in "off" mode.

In 2004, there was a phaseout of substances included in the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive was initiated. Importantly noted, The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct was implemented in 2005, and in 2006, Apple was the first computer manufacturer to replace CRT displays with material-efficient and energy-efficient LCDs.<ref name="AppleWebsite" />

In 2004, there was a phaseout of substances included in the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive was initiated. Importantly noted, The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct was implemented in 2005, and in 2006, Apple was the first computer manufacturer to replace CRT displays with material-efficient and energy-efficient LCDs.<ref name="AppleWebsite" />