Deportation

====United States====

====United States====

{{main|Deportation and removal from the United States}}

{{main|Deportation and removal from the United States}}

In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, more stringent enforcement of immigration laws were ordered by the executive branch of the U.S. government, which led to increased deportation and [[Mexican Repatriation|repatriation]] to Mexico. In the 1930s, during the [[Great Depression]], between 355,000 and 2 million Mexicans and Mexican Americans were deported or repatriated to Mexico, an estimated 40 to 60% of whom were U.S. citizens – overwhelmingly children. At least 82,000 Mexicans were formally deported between 1929 and 1935 by the government. Voluntary repatriations were more common than deportations.<ref name="gratton">{{cite news|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/102163/imre12054.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–1950|last1=Gratton|first1=Brian|last2=Merchant |first2=Emily|date=December 2013|pages=944–975|publisher=The International migration review|issue=4|volume=47}}</ref><ref>McKay, "The Federal Deportation Campaign in Texas: Mexican Deportation from the Lower Rio Grande Valley During the Great Depression", ''Borderlands Journal'', Fall 1981; Balderrama and Rodriguez, ''Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s'', 1995; Valenciana, "Unconstitutional Deportation of Mexican Americans During the 1930s: A Family History and Oral History", ''Multicultural Education'', Spring 2006.</ref> In 1954, the executive branch of the U.S. government implemented [[Operation Wetback]], a program created in response to public hysteria about immigration and immigrants from Mexico.<ref>See Albert G. Mata, "Operation Wetback: The Mass Deportation of Mexican Undocumented Workers in 1954 by Juan Ramon García", ''Contemporary Sociology'', 1:5 (September 1983), p. 574 ("the widespread concern and hysteria about 'wetback inundation'..."); [[Bill Hing|Bill Ong Hing]], ''Defining America Through Immigration Policy'', Temple University Press, 2004, p. 130. {{ISBN|1-59213-233-2}} ("While Operation Wetback temporarily relieved national hysteria, criticism of the Bracero program mounted."); David G. Gutiérrez, ''Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity'', University of California Press, 1995, p. 168. {{ISBN|0-520-20219-8}} ("The situation was further complicated by the government's active collusion in perpetuating the political powerlessness of ethnic Mexicans by condoning the use of Mexican labor while simultaneously whipping up anti-Mexican hysteria against wetbacks."); Ian F. Haney López, ''Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice'', new ed., Belknap Press, 2004, p. 83. {{ISBN|0-674-01629-7}} ("... Operation Wetback revived Depression-era mass deportations. Responding to public hysteria about the 'invasion' of the United States by 'illegal aliens', this campaign targeted large Mexican communities such as East Los Angeles."); Jaime R. Aguila, "Book Reviews: Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s. By Francisco E. Balderrama and Raymond Rodríguez", ''Journal of San Diego History'', 52:3–4 (Summer–Fall 2006), p. 197. ("Anti-immigrant hysteria contributed to the implementation of Operation Wetback in the mid 1950s....")</ref> Operation Wetback led to the deportation of nearly 1.3 million Mexicans from the United States.<ref>García, Juan Ramon. ''Operation Wetback: The Mass Deportation of Mexican Undocumented Workers in 1954''. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1980. {{ISBN|0-313-21353-4}}</ref><ref>Hing, Bill Ong. ''Defining America Through Immigration Policy''. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-59213-232-4}}</ref>

In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, more stringent enforcement of immigration laws were ordered by the executive branch of the U.S. government, which led to increased deportation and [[Mexican Repatriation|repatriation]] to Mexico. In the 1930s, during the [[Great Depression]], between 355,000 and 2 million Mexicans and Mexican Americans were deported or repatriated to Mexico, an estimated 40 to 60% of whom were U.S. citizens – overwhelmingly children. At least 82,000 Mexicans were formally deported between 1929 and 1935 by the government. Voluntary repatriations were more common than deportations.<ref name="gratton">{{cite news|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/102163/imre12054.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=Immigration, Repatriation, and Deportation: The Mexican-Origin Population in the United States, 1920–1950|last1=Gratton|first1=Brian|last2=Merchant |first2=Emily|date=December 2013|pages=944–975|publisher=The International migration review|issue=4|volume=47}}</ref><ref>McKay, "The Federal Deportation Campaign in Texas: Mexican Deportation from the Lower Rio Grande Valley During the Great Depression", ''Borderlands Journal'', Fall 1981; Balderrama and Rodriguez, ''Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s'', 1995; Valenciana, "Unconstitutional Deportation of Mexican Americans During the 1930s: A Family History and Oral History", ''Multicultural Education'', Spring 2006.</ref>

In 1954, the executive branch of the U.S. government implemented [[Operation Wetback]], a program created in response to public hysteria about immigration and immigrants from Mexico.<ref>See Albert G. Mata, "Operation Wetback: The Mass Deportation of Mexican Undocumented Workers in 1954 by Juan Ramon García", ''Contemporary Sociology'', 1:5 (September 1983), p. 574 ("the widespread concern and hysteria about 'wetback inundation'..."); [[Bill Hing|Bill Ong Hing]], ''Defining America Through Immigration Policy'', Temple University Press, 2004, p. 130. {{ISBN|1-59213-233-2}} ("While Operation Wetback temporarily relieved national hysteria, criticism of the Bracero program mounted."); David G. Gutiérrez, ''Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity'', University of California Press, 1995, p. 168. {{ISBN|0-520-20219-8}} ("The situation was further complicated by the government's active collusion in perpetuating the political powerlessness of ethnic Mexicans by condoning the use of Mexican labor while simultaneously whipping up anti-Mexican hysteria against wetbacks."); Ian F. Haney López, ''Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice'', new ed., Belknap Press, 2004, p. 83. {{ISBN|0-674-01629-7}} ("... Operation Wetback revived Depression-era mass deportations. Responding to public hysteria about the 'invasion' of the United States by 'illegal aliens', this campaign targeted large Mexican communities such as East Los Angeles."); Jaime R. Aguila, "Book Reviews: Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s. By Francisco E. Balderrama and Raymond Rodríguez", ''Journal of San Diego History'', 52:3–4 (Summer–Fall 2006), p. 197. ("Anti-immigrant hysteria contributed to the implementation of Operation Wetback in the mid 1950s....")</ref> Operation Wetback led to the deportation of nearly 1.3 million Mexicans from the United States.<ref>García, Juan Ramon. ''Operation Wetback: The Mass Deportation of Mexican Undocumented Workers in 1954''. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1980. {{ISBN|0-313-21353-4}}</ref><ref>Hing, Bill Ong. ''Defining America Through Immigration Policy''. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-59213-232-4}}</ref>

====Nazi Germany====

====Nazi Germany====