Culture of Kashmir

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Language and literature

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	==Language and literature==		==Language and literature==
			{SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kaul\|first=Omkar Nath\|title=Spoken Kashmiri A Language Course\|url=http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html\|access-date=18 July 2020\|archive-date=29 November 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129222358/http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	{{Main\|Kashmiri literature\|Kashmiri language}}
	{{See also\|Sharada script}}
	{{multiple image\|perrow=2\|total_width=360\|caption_align=center
	\| align = right
	\| image_style = border:none;
	\| title =
	\| image1 = Bakhshali manuscript.jpg
	\| image2 = Stone Slab1 Verinag.jpg
	\| footer = {{font\|size=100%\|font=Sans-serif\|text=(left)An example of early [[Sharada script]], in the Bakhshali manuscript; (right) Stone Slab in [[Verinag]] in Perso-Arabic script}}}}
	'''Kashmiri''' or '''Koshur''' ({{lang\|ks-Arab\|{{uninastaliq\|کٲشُر}}}}, {{lang\|ks-Deva\|कॉशुर}}, {{lang\|ks-Shrd\|𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀}})<ref name=e25kas>{{e25\|kas\|Kashmiri}}</ref> is a language from the [[Dardic languages\|Dardic subgroup]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]], spoken by around 7 million [[Kashmiris]], primarily in the Indian administered territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]]. There are also speakers in parts of the neighbouring Pakistani territory of [[Azad Kashmir]].

	The official languages of Jammu and Kashmir are [[Kashmiri language\|Koshur]], [[Dogri language\|Dogri]], [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] and English. Kashmiri is recognised as a regional language in the state and is also among the 22 [[Languages with official status in India\|scheduled languages]] of India.

	Kashmiri has [[split ergativity]] and the unusual [[V2 word order\|verb-second word order]].

	Although Kashmiri was traditionally written in the [[Sharada script\|Sharda]] script,<ref>{{Cite web\|title=ScriptSource - Sharada, Śāradā\|url=https://www.scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Shrd\|access-date=2020-07-14\|website=www.scriptsource.org\|archive-date=2020-03-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303143935/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Shrd\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation \|title=Language: Sharda Script, India \|date=17 January 2011 \|url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1767 \|access-date=2020-07-01 \|archive-date=2020-07-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703012853/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1767 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kaul Deambi\|first=B. K.\|title=The Sharada Script: Origin and Development\|url=http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107211343/http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html\|archive-date=7 January 2010\|access-date=18 July 2020\|website=Kashmiri Overseas Association}}</ref> it is not in common use today, except for religious ceremonies of the [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kaul\|first=Omkar Nath\|title=On Kashmiri Language\|url=http://www.koausa.org/Vitasta/6a.html\|access-date=18 July 2020\|website=Kashmiri Overseas Association\|archive-date=25 January 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125030632/http://www.koausa.org/Vitasta/6a.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Today it is written in [[Perso-Arabic]] and [[Devanagari]] scripts (with some modifications).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kashmiri Language\|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm\|access-date=18 July 2020\|website=omnigot\|archive-date=14 August 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814184143/https://omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	The Perso-Arabic script is recognised as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Kaw\|first=M.K\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PP1\|title=Kashmir and It's [sic] People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society.\|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation\|year=2004\|isbn=978-81-7648-537-1\|pages=303–304\|access-date=2020-09-14\|archive-date=2021-04-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035400/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PP1\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mahapatra\|first=B.P\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC\|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use: India: Book 1 Constitutional Languages.\|publisher=Presses Université Laval\|year=1989\|isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1\|page=270\|access-date=2020-09-14\|archive-date=2020-08-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805201624/https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=B. Kachru\|first=Braj\|title=An introduction to Spoken Kashmiri\|url=http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html\|access-date=18 July 2020\|archive-date=29 January 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129210146/http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kaul\|first=Omkar Nath\|title=Spoken Kashmiri A Language Course\|url=http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html\|access-date=18 July 2020\|archive-date=29 November 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129222358/http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Nowadays, the Perso-Arabic script has come to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Devanagari script has come to be associated with the Kashmiri Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari - Indian Express \|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872 \|access-date=2020-07-01 \|archive-date=2020-10-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001130205/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Nowadays, the Perso-Arabic script has come to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Devanagari script has come to be associated with the Kashmiri Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari - Indian Express \|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872 \|access-date=2020-07-01 \|archive-date=2020-10-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001130205/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

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← Previous revision		Revision as of 12:46, 6 July 2025
Line 63:		Line 63:

	==Language and literature==		==Language and literature==
			{SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kaul\|first=Omkar Nath\|title=Spoken Kashmiri A Language Course\|url=http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html\|access-date=18 July 2020\|archive-date=29 November 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129222358/http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>
	{{Main\|Kashmiri literature\|Kashmiri language}}
	{{See also\|Sharada script}}
	{{multiple image\|perrow=2\|total_width=360\|caption_align=center
	\| align = right
	\| image_style = border:none;
	\| title =
	\| image1 = Bakhshali manuscript.jpg
	\| image2 = Stone Slab1 Verinag.jpg
	\| footer = {{font\|size=100%\|font=Sans-serif\|text=(left)An example of early [[Sharada script]], in the Bakhshali manuscript; (right) Stone Slab in [[Verinag]] in Perso-Arabic script}}}}
	'''Kashmiri''' or '''Koshur''' ({{lang\|ks-Arab\|{{uninastaliq\|کٲشُر}}}}, {{lang\|ks-Deva\|कॉशुर}}, {{lang\|ks-Shrd\|𑆑𑆳𑆯𑆶𑆫𑇀}})<ref name=e25kas>{{e25\|kas\|Kashmiri}}</ref> is a language from the [[Dardic languages\|Dardic subgroup]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]], spoken by around 7 million [[Kashmiris]], primarily in the Indian administered territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]]. There are also speakers in parts of the neighbouring Pakistani territory of [[Azad Kashmir]].

	The official languages of Jammu and Kashmir are [[Kashmiri language\|Koshur]], [[Dogri language\|Dogri]], [[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] and English. Kashmiri is recognised as a regional language in the state and is also among the 22 [[Languages with official status in India\|scheduled languages]] of India.

	Kashmiri has [[split ergativity]] and the unusual [[V2 word order\|verb-second word order]].

	Although Kashmiri was traditionally written in the [[Sharada script\|Sharda]] script,<ref>{{Cite web\|title=ScriptSource - Sharada, Śāradā\|url=https://www.scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Shrd\|access-date=2020-07-14\|website=www.scriptsource.org\|archive-date=2020-03-03\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303143935/https://scriptsource.org/cms/scripts/page.php?item_id=script_detail&key=Shrd\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation \|title=Language: Sharda Script, India \|date=17 January 2011 \|url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1767 \|access-date=2020-07-01 \|archive-date=2020-07-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703012853/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1767 \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kaul Deambi\|first=B. K.\|title=The Sharada Script: Origin and Development\|url=http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107211343/http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html\|archive-date=7 January 2010\|access-date=18 July 2020\|website=Kashmiri Overseas Association}}</ref> it is not in common use today, except for religious ceremonies of the [[Kashmiri Pandit]]s.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kaul\|first=Omkar Nath\|title=On Kashmiri Language\|url=http://www.koausa.org/Vitasta/6a.html\|access-date=18 July 2020\|website=Kashmiri Overseas Association\|archive-date=25 January 2012\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125030632/http://www.koausa.org/Vitasta/6a.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Today it is written in [[Perso-Arabic]] and [[Devanagari]] scripts (with some modifications).<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kashmiri Language\|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm\|access-date=18 July 2020\|website=omnigot\|archive-date=14 August 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814184143/https://omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	The Perso-Arabic script is recognised as the official script of Kashmiri language by the Jammu and Kashmir government and the [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Kaw\|first=M.K\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PP1\|title=Kashmir and It's [sic] People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society.\|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation\|year=2004\|isbn=978-81-7648-537-1\|pages=303–304\|access-date=2020-09-14\|archive-date=2021-04-15\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415035400/https://books.google.com/books?id=QpjKpK7ywPIC&pg=PP1\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|last=Mahapatra\|first=B.P\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC\|title=The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use: India: Book 1 Constitutional Languages.\|publisher=Presses Université Laval\|year=1989\|isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1\|page=270\|access-date=2020-09-14\|archive-date=2020-08-05\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805201624/https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=B. Kachru\|first=Braj\|title=An introduction to Spoken Kashmiri\|url=http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html\|access-date=18 July 2020\|archive-date=29 January 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129210146/http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html\|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|last=Kaul\|first=Omkar Nath\|title=Spoken Kashmiri A Language Course\|url=http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html\|access-date=18 July 2020\|archive-date=29 November 2016\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129222358/http://www.koshur.org/Kashmiri/introduction.html\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	Nowadays, the Perso-Arabic script has come to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Devanagari script has come to be associated with the Kashmiri Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari - Indian Express \|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872 \|access-date=2020-07-01 \|archive-date=2020-10-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001130205/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872 \|url-status=live }}</ref>		Nowadays, the Perso-Arabic script has come to be associated with Kashmiri Muslims, while the Devanagari script has come to be associated with the Kashmiri Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite news \|title=Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari - Indian Express \|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872 \|access-date=2020-07-01 \|archive-date=2020-10-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001130205/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

Culture of Kashmir

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