Carmonette

#REDIRECT [[Early history of video games#Initial games]]

'''''CARMONETTE''''' (Combined ARms Computer MOdel) is a 1953 [[mainframe computer]] [[Monte Carlo method|Monte Carlo]] simulation developed by the US [[Operations Research Office]] (ORO).{{cn|date=September 2019}} While the first computerized simulation of conventional combat was "Air Defense Simulation", developed by the Army Operations Research Office at [[Johns Hopkins University]] in 1948,<ref>{{cite book|title=''CARMONETTE: A concept of tactical war games'' (Staff paper / Johns Hopkins University, Operations Research Office)|author=Richard E. Zimmerman}}</ref> the Carmonette series was a later variant of the genre, featuring [[ground combat]] at the levels of the individual soldier and [[company (military)|company]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Modeling, Simulation, and Operations Analysis in Afghanistan and Iraq|pages=1–12|author=Ben Connable, Walter L. Perry, Abby Doll, Natasha Lander and Dan Madden|publisher=[[Rand Corporation]]|jstor=10.7249/j.ctt5vjwt0.8|chapter=Introduction|year=2014|isbn=9780833082114}}{{Registration required|date=September 2019}}</ref> The principal architect of Carmonette was Richard E. Zimmerman.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/hist_op_research/CMH_70-102-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106013431/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/hist_op_research/CMH_70-102-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 6, 2012 |title=OFFICE OF THE DEPUTY UNDER SECRETARY OF THE ARMY FOR OPERATIONS RESEARCH UNITED STATES ARMY WASHINGTON, D.C., 2006 History of Operations Research in the United States Army |last=Shrader |first=Charles |date= |website=history.army.mil |access-date=2019-09-06}}</ref>

It was followed by ''CARMONETTE II'' which included [[infantry]] (1960–1965); ''CARMONETTE III'' which added armed [[helicopter]] support (1966–1970); also CARMONETTE IV added communications and [[night vision]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.strategypage.com/articles/default.asp?target=Wgappen.htm#_ftn47|title= U.S. Wargaming Grows Up: A Short History of the Diffusion of Wargaming in the Armed Forces and Industry in the Postwar Period up to 1964|author=Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi|website=www.strategypage.com}}</ref>

[[Piero Scaruffi]] described it as the first digital computer game.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scaruffi.com/science/elec3.html|title=A Brief History of Electrical Technology|website=www.scaruffi.com|access-date=2019-09-05}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

{{Early history of video games}}

[[Category:Mainframe games]]

[[Category:Military combat simulators]]