Canadian Indian residential school system

[[File:Canadian IRS death rates.png|thumb|left|Death rates per 1,000 students in residential schools (1869–1965)]]

[[File:Canadian IRS death rates.png|thumb|left|Death rates per 1,000 students in residential schools (1869–1965)]]

In 1907, Bryce reported on the conditions of Manitoba and North-West residential schools: "we have created a situation so dangerous to health that I was often surprised that the results were not even worse than they have been shown statistically to be."<ref>{{cite report|last1=Bryce|first1=Peter H.|authorlink=Peter Bryce|title=Report on the Indian Schools of Manitoba and the North-West Territories|url=https://archive.org/details/reportonindiansc00bryc/page/n3/mode/2up?q=dangerous|publisher=Government Printing Bureau|page=18}}</ref>{{rp|18}} In 1909, Bryce reported that, between 1894 and 1908, mortality rates at some residential schools in western Canada ranged from 30 to 60 per cent over five years (that is, five years after entry, 30 to 60 per cent of students had died, or 6 to 12 per cent per annum).<ref>{{cite news|title=New documents may shed light on residential school deaths|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/new-documents-may-shed-light-on-residential-school-deaths-1.2487015|date=January 7, 2014|accessdate=August 24, 2016|work=CBC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923090958/http://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/new-documents-may-shed-light-on-residential-school-deaths-1.2487015|archivedate=September 23, 2016}}</ref> These statistics did not become public until 1922, when Bryce, who was no longer working for the government, published ''The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921.'' In particular, he alleged that the high mortality rates could have been avoided if healthy children had not been exposed to children with tuberculosis.<ref name=TRCExec/><ref>{{cite web|title=Who was Dr. Peter Henderson Bryce?|url=https://fncaringsociety.com/peter-bryce|publisher=First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada|accessdate=September 5, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416065935/https://fncaringsociety.com/peter-bryce|archivedate=April 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Deachman|first1=Bruce|title=Beechwood ceremony to honour medical officer's tenacity|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/beechwood-ceremony-to-honour-medical-officers-tenacity|accessdate=September 5, 2016|work=Ottawa Citizen|date=August 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915162705/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/beechwood-ceremony-to-honour-medical-officers-tenacity|archivedate=September 15, 2016}}</ref> At the time, no antibiotic had been identified to treat the disease, and this exacerbated the impact of the illness. [[Streptomycin]], the first effective treatment, was not introduced until 1943.<ref name=TRCHistoryPart1/>{{rp|381}} According to Moore ''et al'', the tuberculosis death rate in 1942; amongst the general Indian population was 7.32 per 1,000<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Percy Elmer |last2=Tisdall |first2=Frederick Fitzgerald |last3=Corrigan |first3=R.S.Cameron |date=March 1946 |title=Medical Survey of Nutrition Among the Northern Manitoba Indians |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/154367326/1946-Report-Medical-survey-of-nutrition-among-the-Northern-Manitoba-Indians |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=54 |pages=226 |via=[SCRIBD]}}</ref>, amongst Northern Indians was between 10 and 30 per 1,000<ref name=":0" /> and in the area they studied it was 14 per 1,000.<ref name=":0" />

In 1907, Bryce reported on the conditions of Manitoba and North-West residential schools: "we have created a situation so dangerous to health that I was often surprised that the results were not even worse than they have been shown statistically to be."<ref>{{cite report|last1=Bryce|first1=Peter H.|authorlink=Peter Bryce|title=Report on the Indian Schools of Manitoba and the North-West Territories|url=https://archive.org/details/reportonindiansc00bryc/page/n3/mode/2up?q=dangerous|publisher=Government Printing Bureau|page=18}}</ref>{{rp|18}} In 1909, Bryce reported that, between 1894 and 1908, mortality rates at some residential schools in western Canada ranged from 30 to 60 per cent over five years (that is, five years after entry, 30 to 60 per cent of students had died, or 6 to 12 per cent per annum).<ref>{{cite news|title=New documents may shed light on residential school deaths|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/new-documents-may-shed-light-on-residential-school-deaths-1.2487015|date=January 7, 2014|accessdate=August 24, 2016|work=CBC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923090958/http://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/new-documents-may-shed-light-on-residential-school-deaths-1.2487015|archivedate=September 23, 2016}}</ref> These statistics did not become public until 1922, when Bryce, who was no longer working for the government, published ''The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921.'' In particular, he alleged that the high mortality rates could have been avoided if healthy children had not been exposed to children with tuberculosis.<ref name=TRCExec/><ref>{{cite web|title=Who was Dr. Peter Henderson Bryce?|url=https://fncaringsociety.com/peter-bryce|publisher=First Nations Child & Family Caring Society of Canada|accessdate=September 5, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416065935/https://fncaringsociety.com/peter-bryce|archivedate=April 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Deachman|first1=Bruce|title=Beechwood ceremony to honour medical officer's tenacity|url=https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/beechwood-ceremony-to-honour-medical-officers-tenacity|accessdate=September 5, 2016|work=Ottawa Citizen|date=August 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915162705/http://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/beechwood-ceremony-to-honour-medical-officers-tenacity|archivedate=September 15, 2016}}</ref> At the time, no antibiotic had been identified to treat the disease, and this exacerbated the impact of the illness. [[Streptomycin]], the first effective treatment, was not introduced until 1943.<ref name=TRCHistoryPart1/>{{rp|381}} According to Moore ''et al'', the tuberculosis death rate in 1942; amongst the general Indian population was 7.32 per 1,000,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Moore |first1=Percy Elmer |last2=Tisdall |first2=Frederick Fitzgerald |last3=Corrigan |first3=R.S.Cameron |date=March 1946 |title=Medical Survey of Nutrition Among the Northern Manitoba Indians |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/154367326/1946-Report-Medical-survey-of-nutrition-among-the-Northern-Manitoba-Indians |journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal |volume=54 |pages=226 |via=[SCRIBD]}}</ref> amongst Northern Indians was between 10 and 30 per 1,000<ref name=":0" /> and in the area they studied it was 14 per 1,000.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Canadian IRS comparative death rates.png|thumb|left|Comparative death rates per 1,000 for school aged children in Canada (1921–1965)]]

[[File:Canadian IRS comparative death rates.png|thumb|left|Comparative death rates per 1,000 for school aged children in Canada (1921–1965)]]