Brownstone

===Hummelstown brownstone===

===Hummelstown brownstone===

[[File:Hummelstown,_Pennsylvania_(8481483253).jpg|thumb|Many buildings in [[Hummelstown, Pennsylvania]], are constructed of [[Hummelstown brownstone]].]]

[[File:Hummelstown,_Pennsylvania_(8481483253).jpg|thumb|Many buildings in [[Hummelstown, Pennsylvania]], are constructed of [[Hummelstown brownstone]].]]

[[Hummelstown brownstone]] is extremely popular along the East Coast of the United States, with numerous government buildings throughout West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland, and Delaware being faced entirely with the stone, which comes from the Hummelstown Quarry in [[Hummelstown, Pennsylvania]], a small town outside of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Hummelstown Quarry is the largest provider of brownstone on the east coast. Typically, the stone was transported out of Hummelstown through the Brownstone and Middletown Railroad.<ref name="Olena">{{cite book |last1=Olena |first1=Ben F. |title=Hummelstown Brownstone: A study of the Hummelstown brownstone industry and its contribution to the American building arts |date=2003 |url=http://quarriesandbeyond.org/articles_and_books/hummelstown/hummelstone_brownstone_page.html |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>

[[Hummelstown brownstone]] is extremely popular along the East Coast of the United States, with numerous government buildings throughout West Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Maryland, and Delaware being faced entirely with the stone, which comes from the Hummelstown Quarry in [[Hummelstown, Pennsylvania]], a small town outside of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The Hummelstown Quarry is the largest provider of brownstone on the east coast. Typically, the stone was transported out of Hummelstown through the Brownstone and Middletown Railroad.<ref name="Olena">{{cite web |last1=Olena |first1=Ben F. |title=Hummelstown Brownstone: A study of the Hummelstown brownstone industry and its contribution to the American building arts |date=2003 |url=http://quarriesandbeyond.org/articles_and_books/hummelstown/hummelstone_brownstone_page.html |website=quarriesandbeyond.org |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref>

===Portland brownstone===

===Portland brownstone===

There are many brownstones throughout numerous [[Neighborhoods in New York City|NYC neighborhoods]], especially in the [[Brooklyn]] neighborhoods of [[Park Slope]], [[Clinton Hill, Brooklyn|Clinton Hill]], [[Fort Greene]], [[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn|Cobble Hill]], [[Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn|Carroll Gardens]], [[Boerum Hill, Brooklyn|Boerum Hill]], [[Gowanus, Brooklyn|Gowanus]], [[Windsor Terrace]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], [[Brooklyn Heights]], [[Bedford Stuyvesant]], and [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]]. Smaller concentrations exist in parts of [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]], [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]], [[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]], [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]], and [[Prospect Lefferts Gardens]].

There are many brownstones throughout numerous [[Neighborhoods in New York City|NYC neighborhoods]], especially in the [[Brooklyn]] neighborhoods of [[Park Slope]], [[Clinton Hill, Brooklyn|Clinton Hill]], [[Fort Greene]], [[Cobble Hill, Brooklyn|Cobble Hill]], [[Carroll Gardens, Brooklyn|Carroll Gardens]], [[Boerum Hill, Brooklyn|Boerum Hill]], [[Gowanus, Brooklyn|Gowanus]], [[Windsor Terrace]], [[Prospect Heights, Brooklyn|Prospect Heights]], [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]], [[Brooklyn Heights]], [[Bedford Stuyvesant]], and [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]]. Smaller concentrations exist in parts of [[Bay Ridge, Brooklyn|Bay Ridge]], [[Williamsburg, Brooklyn|Williamsburg]], [[Bushwick, Brooklyn|Bushwick]], [[Greenpoint, Brooklyn|Greenpoint]], and [[Prospect Lefferts Gardens]].

Brownstones are also scattered throughout [[Manhattan]] from the [[Lower East Side]] to [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], with notable concentrations in the [[Upper West Side]], [[Upper East Side]], [[Harlem]] and [[East Harlem]]. In Queens and The Bronx, the historic districts of [[Long Island City]] and [[Mott Haven, Bronx|Mott Haven]] also host many brownstones. Brownstones also predominate in some [[Hudson County]] neighborhoods directly across the [[Hudson River]] from Manhattan, especially in [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forgotten-ny.com/2003/09/meeting-across-the-river-hoboken-nj/|title=Meeting Across the River: Hoboken, NJ – Forgotten New York|last=Walsh|first=Kevin|date=2003-09-20|website=forgotten-ny.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314214902/http://forgotten-ny.com/2003/09/meeting-across-the-river-hoboken-nj/|archive-date=March 14, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> and around [[Paulus Hook]], [[Van Vorst Park]], [[Harsimus|Harsimus Cove]], [[Hamilton Park, Jersey City, New Jersey|Hamilton Park]] and [[Bergen Hill, Jersey City|Bergen Hill]] in [[Jersey City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/21/archives/jersey-city-feels-effects-of-brownstone-revival.html|title=Jersey City Feels Effects of Brownstone Revival|publisher=The New York Times|date=April 21, 1975|access-date=February 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/20/realestate/in-the-region-new-jersey-new-rentals-to-blend-with-jersey-city-brownstones.html|title=In the Region /New Jersey; New Rentals to Blend With Jersey City Brownstones|publisher=The New York Times|date=June 20, 1999|access-date=February 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forgotten-ny.com/2013/07/van-vorst-park-jersey-city/|title=VAN VORST PARK, Jersey City – Forgotten New York|date=15 July 2013}}</ref> New York City brownstones can cost several million dollars to purchase. A typical architectural detail of brownstones in and around New York City is the [[Stoop (architecture)|stoop]], a steep staircase rising from the street to the entrance on what amounts to almost the second-floor level. This design was seen as hygienic at the time many were built, because the streets were so foul with animal waste.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 2504267 | pmid=18751783 | doi=10.1007/s11420-007-9051-6 | volume=3 | title=The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled moves east on 42nd Street 1912-1925 | date=September 2007 | journal=HSS J | pages=131–6 | last1 = Levine | first1 = DB| issue=2 }}</ref>

Brownstones are also scattered throughout [[Manhattan]] from the [[Lower East Side]] to [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]], with notable concentrations in the [[Upper West Side]], [[Upper East Side]], [[Harlem]] and [[East Harlem]]. In Queens and The Bronx, the historic districts of [[Long Island City]] and [[Mott Haven, Bronx|Mott Haven]] also host many brownstones. Brownstones also predominate in some [[Hudson County]] neighborhoods directly across the [[Hudson River]] from Manhattan, especially in [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forgotten-ny.com/2003/09/meeting-across-the-river-hoboken-nj/|title=Meeting Across the River: Hoboken, NJ – Forgotten New York|last=Walsh|first=Kevin|date=2003-09-20|website=forgotten-ny.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314214902/http://forgotten-ny.com/2003/09/meeting-across-the-river-hoboken-nj/|archive-date=March 14, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=October 7, 2016}}</ref> and around [[Paulus Hook]], [[Van Vorst Park]], [[Harsimus|Harsimus Cove]], [[Hamilton Park, Jersey City, New Jersey|Hamilton Park]] and [[Bergen Hill, Jersey City|Bergen Hill]] in [[Jersey City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/21/archives/jersey-city-feels-effects-of-brownstone-revival.html|title=Jersey City Feels Effects of Brownstone Revival|publisher=The New York Times|date=April 21, 1975|access-date=February 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/20/realestate/in-the-region-new-jersey-new-rentals-to-blend-with-jersey-city-brownstones.html|title=In the Region /New Jersey; New Rentals to Blend With Jersey City Brownstones|publisher=The New York Times|date=June 20, 1999|access-date=February 24, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://forgotten-ny.com/2013/07/van-vorst-park-jersey-city/ |title=VAN VORST PARK, Jersey City |website=Forgotten New York |date=15 July 2013}}</ref> New York City brownstones can cost several million dollars to purchase. A typical architectural detail of brownstones in and around New York City is the [[Stoop (architecture)|stoop]], a steep staircase rising from the street to the entrance on what amounts to almost the second-floor level. This design was seen as hygienic at the time many were built, because the streets were so foul with animal waste.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 2504267 | pmid=18751783 | doi=10.1007/s11420-007-9051-6 | volume=3 | title=The Hospital for the Ruptured and Crippled moves east on 42nd Street 1912-1925 | date=September 2007 | journal=HSS J | pages=131–6 | last1 = Levine | first1 = DB| issue=2 }}</ref>

It has become fashionable to use the term "brownstone" to refer to almost any townhouse from a certain period, even though they may not have been built of brownstone. For example, many townhouses in [[Boerum Hill]] in Brooklyn are built of brick, but have concrete masonry [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]] which resembles stone. There are also many brick townhouses that have brownstone-built stoops throughout the outer boroughs. Such neighborhoods that consist of these homes are [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]], [[Dyker Heights, Brooklyn|Dyker Heights]], [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn|Bensonhurst]], [[Bath Beach, Brooklyn|Bath Beach]], [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]], [[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]], [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]], [[East New York, Brooklyn|East New York]], [[Cypress Hills, Brooklyn|Cypress Hills]] in Brooklyn, [[Ridgewood, Queens|Ridgewood]], [[Glendale, Queens|Glendale]], [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]], [[Woodhaven, Queens|Woodhaven]] in Queens, and [[Longwood, Bronx|Longwood]] and [[Morrisania, Bronx|Morrisania]] in the Bronx.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

It has become fashionable to use the term "brownstone" to refer to almost any townhouse from a certain period, even though they may not have been built of brownstone. For example, many townhouses in [[Boerum Hill]] in Brooklyn are built of brick, but have concrete masonry [[Cladding (construction)|cladding]] which resembles stone. There are also many brick townhouses that have brownstone-built stoops throughout the outer boroughs. Such neighborhoods that consist of these homes are [[Borough Park, Brooklyn|Borough Park]], [[Dyker Heights, Brooklyn|Dyker Heights]], [[Bensonhurst, Brooklyn|Bensonhurst]], [[Bath Beach, Brooklyn|Bath Beach]], [[Sunset Park, Brooklyn|Sunset Park]], [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]], [[Flatbush, Brooklyn|Flatbush]], [[Midwood, Brooklyn|Midwood]], [[East New York, Brooklyn|East New York]], [[Cypress Hills, Brooklyn|Cypress Hills]] in Brooklyn, [[Ridgewood, Queens|Ridgewood]], [[Glendale, Queens|Glendale]], [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]], [[Woodhaven, Queens|Woodhaven]] in Queens, and [[Longwood, Bronx|Longwood]] and [[Morrisania, Bronx|Morrisania]] in the Bronx.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}