Bisabolol

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'''Bisabolol''', or more formally α-(−)-bisabolol or also known as '''levomenol''',<ref>[http://www.omikron-online.de/naturhaus/angebote/info/bisabolo.htm Rohstoff-Lexikon Bisabolol<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220222428/http://www.omikron-online.de/naturhaus/angebote/info/bisabolo.htm |date=February 20, 2008 }}</ref> is a natural monocyclic [[sesquiterpene]] alcohol. It is a colorless viscous oil that is the primary constituent of the [[essential oil]] from [[German chamomile]] (''[[Matricaria recutita]]'') and ''[[Myoporum crassifolium]]''.<ref>[http://www.omikron-online.de/naturhaus/angebote/info/bisab.htm Bisabolol (in english)<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010110347/http://www.omikron-online.de/naturhaus/angebote/info/bisab.htm |date=October 10, 2007 }}</ref> High concentrations of bisabolol can also be found in certain [[medicinal cannabis]] cultivars. It is poorly soluble in water and [[glycerine]], but soluble in [[ethanol]].<ref name=UllmannEgg>{{cite encyclopedia |author=M. Eggersdorfer|title=Terpenes|encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2005|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a26_205|isbn=3-527-30673-0}}</ref> The [[enantiomer]], α-(+)-bisabolol, is also found naturally but is rare. Synthetic bisabolol is usually a [[racemic]] mixture of the two, α-(±)-bisabolol. It is the [[terpenoid]] responsible for distinctive aroma of [[chamomile]] flowers, and when isolated, its scent has also has been likened to apples, sugar and honey.

'''Bisabolol''', or more formally α-(−)-bisabolol or also known as '''levomenol''',<ref>[http://www.omikron-online.de/naturhaus/angebote/info/bisabolo.htm Rohstoff-Lexikon Bisabolol<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220222428/http://www.omikron-online.de/naturhaus/angebote/info/bisabolo.htm |date=February 20, 2008 }}</ref> is a natural monocyclic [[sesquiterpene]] alcohol. It is a colorless viscous oil that is the primary constituent of the [[essential oil]] from [[German chamomile]] (''[[Matricaria recutita]]'') and ''[[Myoporum crassifolium]]''.<ref>[http://www.omikron-online.de/naturhaus/angebote/info/bisab.htm Bisabolol (in english)<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010110347/http://www.omikron-online.de/naturhaus/angebote/info/bisab.htm |date=October 10, 2007 }}</ref> High concentrations of bisabolol can also be found in certain [[medicinal cannabis]] cultivars. It is poorly soluble in water and [[glycerine]], but soluble in [[ethanol]].<ref name=UllmannEgg>{{cite encyclopedia |author=M. Eggersdorfer|title=Terpenes|encyclopedia=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2005|publisher=Wiley-VCH|place=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.a26_205|isbn=3-527-30673-0}}</ref> The [[enantiomer]], α-(+)-bisabolol, is also found naturally but is rare. Synthetic bisabolol is usually a [[racemic]] mixture of the two, α-(±)-bisabolol. It is the [[terpenoid]] responsible for distinctive aroma of [[chamomile]] flowers, and when isolated, its scent has also been likened to apples, sugar and honey.

Bisabolol has a weak sweet floral aroma and is used in various fragrances. It has also been used for hundreds of years in cosmetics because of its skin healing properties including reducing wrinkles, skin toughness and repairing sun-damaged skin, and more recently it has been compounded with [[tretinoin]] as a topical treatment for [[acne]].<ref name=USPharmDOTcom>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Loyd V. Allen Jr|title=Tretinoin 0.5 mg/g and α-Bisabolol 1 mg/g Gel and discussion on its use|year=2013|url=https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/tretinoin-05-mg-g-and-bisabolol-1-mg-g-gel-42388}}</ref> Bisabolol is known to have anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rocha|first1=Nayrton Flávio Moura|last2=Rios|first2=Emiliano Ricardo Vasconcelos|last3=Carvalho|first3=Alyne Mara Rodrigues|last4=Cerqueira|first4=Gilberto Santos|last5=Lopes|first5=Amanda de Araújo|last6=Leal|first6=Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira|last7=Dias|first7=Marília Leite|last8=de Sousa|first8=Damião Pergentino|last9=de Sousa|first9=Francisca Cléa Florenço|date=December 2011|title=Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of (-)-α-bisabolol in rodents|journal=Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology|volume=384|issue=6|pages=525–533|doi=10.1007/s00210-011-0679-x|issn=1432-1912|pmid=21870032|s2cid=12654188 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Fabíola Fernandes Galvão|last2=Colares|first2=Aracélio Viana|last3=Nonato|first3=Carla de Fatima Alves|last4=Galvão-Rodrigues|first4=Fabío Fernandes|last5=Mota|first5=Magaly Lima|last6=Moraes Braga|first6=Maria Flaviana Bezerra|last7=Costa|first7=José Galberto Martins da|date=December 2018|title=In vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Vanillosmopsis arborea Barker (Asteraceae) and its major constituent, α-bisabolol|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0882401018308696|journal=Microbial Pathogenesis|language=en|volume=125|pages=144–149|doi=10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.024|pmid=30219391 |s2cid=52282324 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bisabolol is also demonstrated to enhance the percutaneous absorption of certain molecules and has found use as a [[penetration enhancer]]: an agent used in topical formulations, increasing the substances propensity for absorption beneath the [[skin]].<ref name=USPharmDOTcom>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Loyd V. Allen Jr|title=Tretinoin 0.5 mg/g and α-Bisabolol 1 mg/g Gel and discussion on its use|year=2013|url=https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/tretinoin-05-mg-g-and-bisabolol-1-mg-g-gel-42388}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kamatou|first1=Guy P. P.|last2=Viljoen|first2=Alvaro M.|title=A Review of the Application and Pharmacological Properties of α-Bisabolol and α-Bisabolol-Rich Oils|journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society|date=2010|volume=87|issue=1|pages=1–7|doi=10.1007/s11746-009-1483-3|s2cid=95169851|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225389970}}</ref>

Bisabolol has a weak sweet floral aroma and is used in various fragrances. It has also been used for hundreds of years in cosmetics because of its skin healing properties including reducing wrinkles, skin toughness and repairing sun-damaged skin, and more recently it has been compounded with [[tretinoin]] as a topical treatment for [[acne]].<ref name=USPharmDOTcom>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Loyd V. Allen Jr|title=Tretinoin 0.5 mg/g and α-Bisabolol 1 mg/g Gel and discussion on its use|year=2013|url=https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/tretinoin-05-mg-g-and-bisabolol-1-mg-g-gel-42388}}</ref> Bisabolol is known to have anti-irritant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rocha|first1=Nayrton Flávio Moura|last2=Rios|first2=Emiliano Ricardo Vasconcelos|last3=Carvalho|first3=Alyne Mara Rodrigues|last4=Cerqueira|first4=Gilberto Santos|last5=Lopes|first5=Amanda de Araújo|last6=Leal|first6=Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira|last7=Dias|first7=Marília Leite|last8=de Sousa|first8=Damião Pergentino|last9=de Sousa|first9=Francisca Cléa Florenço|date=December 2011|title=Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of (-)-α-bisabolol in rodents|journal=Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology|volume=384|issue=6|pages=525–533|doi=10.1007/s00210-011-0679-x|issn=1432-1912|pmid=21870032|s2cid=12654188 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rodrigues|first1=Fabíola Fernandes Galvão|last2=Colares|first2=Aracélio Viana|last3=Nonato|first3=Carla de Fatima Alves|last4=Galvão-Rodrigues|first4=Fabío Fernandes|last5=Mota|first5=Magaly Lima|last6=Moraes Braga|first6=Maria Flaviana Bezerra|last7=Costa|first7=José Galberto Martins da|date=December 2018|title=In vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Vanillosmopsis arborea Barker (Asteraceae) and its major constituent, α-bisabolol|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0882401018308696|journal=Microbial Pathogenesis|language=en|volume=125|pages=144–149|doi=10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.024|pmid=30219391 |s2cid=52282324 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Bisabolol is also demonstrated to enhance the percutaneous absorption of certain molecules and has found use as a [[penetration enhancer]]: an agent used in topical formulations, increasing the substances propensity for absorption beneath the [[skin]].<ref name=USPharmDOTcom>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Loyd V. Allen Jr|title=Tretinoin 0.5 mg/g and α-Bisabolol 1 mg/g Gel and discussion on its use|year=2013|url=https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/tretinoin-05-mg-g-and-bisabolol-1-mg-g-gel-42388}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kamatou|first1=Guy P. P.|last2=Viljoen|first2=Alvaro M.|title=A Review of the Application and Pharmacological Properties of α-Bisabolol and α-Bisabolol-Rich Oils|journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society|date=2010|volume=87|issue=1|pages=1–7|doi=10.1007/s11746-009-1483-3|s2cid=95169851|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225389970}}</ref>