Bacteriophage

Several attempts have been made to map [[protein–protein interaction]]s among phage and their host. For instance, bacteriophage lambda was found to interact with its host, [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']], by dozens of interactions. Again, the significance of many of these interactions remains unclear, but these studies suggest that there most likely are several key interactions and many indirect interactions whose role remains uncharacterized.<ref name="pmid24049175">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blasche S, Wuchty S, Rajagopala SV, Uetz P | title = The protein interaction network of bacteriophage lambda with its host, Escherichia coli | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 87 | issue = 23 | pages = 12745–12755 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24049175 | pmc = 3838138 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.02495-13 }}</ref>

Several attempts have been made to map [[protein–protein interaction]]s among phage and their host. For instance, bacteriophage lambda was found to interact with its host, [[Escherichia coli|''E. coli'']], by dozens of interactions. Again, the significance of many of these interactions remains unclear, but these studies suggest that there most likely are several key interactions and many indirect interactions whose role remains uncharacterized.<ref name="pmid24049175">{{cite journal | vauthors = Blasche S, Wuchty S, Rajagopala SV, Uetz P | title = The protein interaction network of bacteriophage lambda with its host, Escherichia coli | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 87 | issue = 23 | pages = 12745–12755 | date = December 2013 | pmid = 24049175 | pmc = 3838138 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.02495-13 }}</ref>

== Host resistance (anti-phage defense) ==

== Host resistance and anti-phage defense ==

Bacteriophages are a major threat to bacteria and prokaryotes have evolved numerous mechanisms to block infection or to block the replication of bacteriophages within host cells. Some examples include

Bacteriophages are a major threat to bacteria and prokaryotes have evolved numerous mechanisms to block infection (host resistance) or to block the replication of bacteriophages within host cells (anti-phage defense). Some examples include

* The [[CRISPR|CRISPR system]] is one such mechanism as are [[retron]]s and the anti-toxin system encoded by them.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bobonis J, Mitosch K, Mateus A, Karcher N, Kritikos G, Selkrig J, Zietek M, Monzon V, Pfalz B, Garcia-Santamarina S, Galardini M, Sueki A, Kobayashi C, Stein F, Bateman A, Zeller G, Savitski MM, Elfenbein JR, Andrews-Polymenis HL, Typas A | title = Bacterial retrons encode phage-defending tripartite toxin-antitoxin systems | journal = Nature | volume = 609 | issue = 7925 | pages = 144–150 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 35850148 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-05091-4 | s2cid = 250643138 | bibcode = 2022Natur.609..144B | pmc = 11938430 }}</ref>

* The [[CRISPR|CRISPR system]] is one such mechanism as are [[retron]]s and the anti-toxin system encoded by them.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bobonis J, Mitosch K, Mateus A, Karcher N, Kritikos G, Selkrig J, Zietek M, Monzon V, Pfalz B, Garcia-Santamarina S, Galardini M, Sueki A, Kobayashi C, Stein F, Bateman A, Zeller G, Savitski MM, Elfenbein JR, Andrews-Polymenis HL, Typas A | title = Bacterial retrons encode phage-defending tripartite toxin-antitoxin systems | journal = Nature | volume = 609 | issue = 7925 | pages = 144–150 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 35850148 | doi = 10.1038/s41586-022-05091-4 | s2cid = 250643138 | bibcode = 2022Natur.609..144B | pmc = 11938430 }}</ref>