Adal Sultanate

In 1541 a small Portuguese contingent landed in [[Massawa]] and soon all of Tigray declared for the monarchy, the Imam was defeated in several major engagements by the Portuguese and was forced to flee to [[Kobo (woreda)|Raya Kobo]] with his heavily demoralized followers. He sent a request to the [[Ottoman Empire]] for reinforcements of Turkish, Albanian and Arab musketeers to stabilize his troops. He then took the offensive attacking the Portuguese camp at Wolfa where he killed their commander, [[Cristóvão da Gama]], and 200 of their rank and file. The Imam then dismissed most of his foreign contingent and returned to his headquarters at [[Lake Tana]]. The surviving Portuguese were able to meet up with [[Gelawdewos]] and his army at the [[Simien Mountains]]. The Emperor did not hesitate to take the offensive and won a major victory at the [[Battle of Wayna Daga]] when the fate of Abyssinia was decided by the death of the Imam and the flight of his army. The invasion force collapsed like a house of cards and all the Abyssinians who had been cowed by the invaders returned to their former allegiance, the reconquest of Christian territories proceeded without encountering any effective opposition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimmingham |first1=John Spencer |title=Islam in Ethiopia |date=1952 |page=89 |publisher=Frank Cass & Company |isbn=9780714617312 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbVmNAAACAAJ |access-date=2023-05-12 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063221/https://books.google.com/books?id=XbVmNAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1541 a small Portuguese contingent landed in [[Massawa]] and soon all of Tigray declared for the monarchy, the Imam was defeated in several major engagements by the Portuguese and was forced to flee to [[Kobo (woreda)|Raya Kobo]] with his heavily demoralized followers. He sent a request to the [[Ottoman Empire]] for reinforcements of Turkish, Albanian and Arab musketeers to stabilize his troops. He then took the offensive attacking the Portuguese camp at Wolfa where he killed their commander, [[Cristóvão da Gama]], and 200 of their rank and file. The Imam then dismissed most of his foreign contingent and returned to his headquarters at [[Lake Tana]]. The surviving Portuguese were able to meet up with [[Gelawdewos]] and his army at the [[Simien Mountains]]. The Emperor did not hesitate to take the offensive and won a major victory at the [[Battle of Wayna Daga]] when the fate of Abyssinia was decided by the death of the Imam and the flight of his army. The invasion force collapsed like a house of cards and all the Abyssinians who had been cowed by the invaders returned to their former allegiance, the reconquest of Christian territories proceeded without encountering any effective opposition.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimmingham |first1=John Spencer |title=Islam in Ethiopia |date=1952 |page=89 |publisher=Frank Cass & Company |isbn=9780714617312 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XbVmNAAACAAJ |access-date=2023-05-12 |archive-date=2023-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063221/https://books.google.com/books?id=XbVmNAAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Collapse of the sultanate===

===Collapse of the sultanate===

{{main|Oromo migrations}}

{{main|Oromo migrations|Battle of Fatagar}}

[[File:Harar city wall 1956.JPG|thumb|right|225px|The surrounding walls of the fortified city of [[Harar]] built by [[Nur ibn Mujahid]]]]

[[File:Harar city wall 1956.JPG|thumb|right|225px|The surrounding walls of the fortified city of [[Harar]] built by [[Nur ibn Mujahid]]]]

In 1550 [[Nur ibn Mujahid]] became the Emir of Harar and the de facto ruler of Adal, he then began to strengthen the defenses of [[Harar]], building a wall that still encircles the city to this day.<ref>[[J. Spencer Trimingham|Trimingham, J. Spencer]]. 1952. ''[https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/islam-in-ethiopia-j-spencer-trimingham.pdf Islam in Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108153655/https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/islam-in-ethiopia-j-spencer-trimingham.pdf |date=2022-01-08 }}''. London: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;91.</ref> In 1559, urged on by his wife, Nur once again took the offensive and invaded the [[Ethiopian Empire]], killing Ethiopian Emperor [[Gelawdewos]] in the [[Battle of Fatagar]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Button|first1=Richard|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|year=1894|publisher=Tyston and Edwards|page=12|isbn=9780705415002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu0MAAAAIAAJ&q=nur+harar+rule&pg=PA12|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522134647/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu0MAAAAIAAJ&q=nur+harar+rule&pg=PA12#v=snippet&q=nur%20harar%20rule&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time another Ethiopian army led by [[Dejazmatch]] Hamalmal attacked Harar. Sultan [[Barakat ibn Umar Din]] attempted to defend the city but was defeated and killed, thus ending the [[Walashma dynasty]]. Not long after this, Barentu Oromos who had been migrating north invaded the Adal Sultanate. This struggle, which was mentioned by the monk [[Bahrey]], led to the devastation of many regions and Nur's army was defeated at the [[Battle of Hazalo]].{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=374}} The defensive walls managed to protect Harar from the invaders, preserving it as a kind of Muslim island in an Oromo sea. However, the city then experienced a severe famine as grain and salt prices rose to unpreceded levels. According to a contemporary source, the hunger became so bad that people began to resort to eating their own children and spouses. Nur himself died in 1567 of the pestilence which spread during the famine.<ref>[[J. Spencer Trimingham|Trimingham, J. Spencer]]. 1952. ''[https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/islam-in-ethiopia-j-spencer-trimingham.pdf Islam in Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108153655/https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/islam-in-ethiopia-j-spencer-trimingham.pdf |date=2022-01-08 }}''. London: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;94.</ref>{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=247}}

In 1550 [[Nur ibn Mujahid]] became the Emir of Harar and the de facto ruler of Adal, he then began to strengthen the defenses of [[Harar]], building a wall that still encircles the city to this day.<ref>[[J. Spencer Trimingham|Trimingham, J. Spencer]]. 1952. ''[https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/islam-in-ethiopia-j-spencer-trimingham.pdf Islam in Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108153655/https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/islam-in-ethiopia-j-spencer-trimingham.pdf |date=2022-01-08 }}''. London: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;91.</ref> In 1559, urged on by his wife, Nur once again took the offensive and invaded the [[Ethiopian Empire]], killing Ethiopian Emperor [[Gelawdewos]] in the [[Battle of Fatagar]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Button|first1=Richard|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|year=1894|publisher=Tyston and Edwards|page=12|isbn=9780705415002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu0MAAAAIAAJ&q=nur+harar+rule&pg=PA12|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=22 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522134647/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu0MAAAAIAAJ&q=nur+harar+rule&pg=PA12#v=snippet&q=nur%20harar%20rule&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time another Ethiopian army led by [[Dejazmatch]] Hamalmal attacked Harar. Sultan [[Barakat ibn Umar Din]] attempted to defend the city but was defeated and killed, thus ending the [[Walashma dynasty]]. Not long after this, Barentu Oromos who had been migrating north invaded the Adal Sultanate. This struggle, which was mentioned by the monk [[Bahrey]], led to the devastation of many regions and Nur's army was defeated at the [[Battle of Hazalo]].{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=374}} The defensive walls managed to protect Harar from the invaders, preserving it as a kind of Muslim island in an Oromo sea. However, the city then experienced a severe famine as grain and salt prices rose to unpreceded levels. According to a contemporary source, the hunger became so bad that people began to resort to eating their own children and spouses. Nur himself died in 1567 of the pestilence which spread during the famine.<ref>[[J. Spencer Trimingham|Trimingham, J. Spencer]]. 1952. ''[https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/islam-in-ethiopia-j-spencer-trimingham.pdf Islam in Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108153655/https://zelalemkibret.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/islam-in-ethiopia-j-spencer-trimingham.pdf |date=2022-01-08 }}''. London: Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;94.</ref>{{sfn|Pankhurst|1997|p=247}}